AP Human Geography Chapter 2

Overpopulation

When the number of people in a place exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them.

Carrying Capacity

The balance between people and available resources in an environment.

Census

A population count and survey conducted every ten years in the U.S.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Percentage by which a population grows each year, excluding migration.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime.

Dependency Ratio

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to those in their productive years.

Epidemiologic Transition

The process of change in the pattern of mortality and morbidity associated with demographic transition.

Neo-Malthusians

Those who argue that Malthus’s theory of population growth outpacing resources is still relevant today.

Maternal Mortality Rate

Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area, typically expressed as people per square kilometer.

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition

Characterized by high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in low population growth.

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition

High birth rates, rapidly declining death rates, and very high natural increase.

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition

Rapidly declining birth rates and moderately declining death rates.

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition

Very low birth rates and low death rates, leading to zero or negative natural increase.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Annual number of infant deaths under one year of age compared to total live births.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Elderly Support Ratio

Number of working-age people divided by the number of persons 65 and older.

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases.

Population Pyramids

Bar graphs that display the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double the population.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live.