animal phylogeny and diversity final exam

how many species of porifera?

5,000+

what kind of symmetry does phylum porifera have?

asymmetry

what kind of feeders is phylum porifera?

suspension feeders

what do choanocytes do?

capture food

what is special about archaeocytes?

they can move around mesohyl and can differentiate into any other type of cell, function in digestion and reproduction

what are the three forms of sponges

asconooid, syconoid, leuconoid

which is the simplest form of sponge?

asconoid

which sponge body form is most complex?

leuconoid

how does phylum porifera reproduce sexually?

sperm is released into the water, eggs are in mesohyl

is phylum porifera monoecious or diecious?

monoecious

what collects sperm and brings it to mesohyl in porifera?

choanocytes

how does porifera reproduce asexually?

budding or gemmules (package of archaeocytes)

what kind of defense does phylum porifera have?

chemical (toxins or slime) and physical (spicules)

what are the three classes of porifera?

calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae

what kind of spicules does class calcarea have?

calcium with 1, 3 or 4 rays

what kind of spicules does class hexactinellida have?

silicon with 6 rays

what kind of spicules does class demospongiae have?

spongin and silicon spicules

what kind of body form does class calcarea have?

any body form

what is class hexactinellida also called?

glass sponges

what percent of living sponges does class demospongiae make up?

80%

what is the habitat and distribution of phylum porifera?

marine, sessile

What animals are apart of phylum cnidaria?

jellyfish, coral, sea anemones, hydroids

What defense does phylum cnidaria use?

cnidocytes with stinging organelle (nematocyst)

what are the two body forms of cnidaria?

polyp and medusa

what are the dermal layers of phylum cnidaria?

epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis

what kind of digestive system does cnidaria have?

incomplete

what does the gastrovascular cavity do in cnidaria?

serves as hydrostatic skeleton, moves resources/waste

what is the purpose of cnidocytes?

defense and feeding

what is the trigger on nematocysts?

cilium

what does the nerve net in cnidaria do?

sends electrical impulses and neurotransmitters over synapse

what are the four classes of cnidaria?

hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and anthozoa

how does class hydrozoa live?

in hydroid colonies

what are hydrozoa polyps connected with?

gastrodermis

what is the reproductive unit of class hydrozoa?

gonangia

What is class scyphozoa

true jellies. most larger jellyfish

what does class scyphozoa lack?

velum

what sensory structures does class scyphozoa have?

rhopalia, ocelli, and statocysts

what kind of fertilization does class scyphozoa have?

most external

is class scyphozoa monoecious or diecious?

diecious

what is unique about class cubozoa?

umbrella is square shaped

what is the largest class of cnidaria?

class anthozoa

what stage does class anthozoa lack?

medusa stage

what is a subclass of class anthozoa?

zooantharia

what is subclass zoantharia?

sea anemones and corals

what kind of defense does zoantharia have?

acontia, can expel water to contract

what does coral have a symbiotic relationship with?

zooxanthellae

what causes coral bleaching

corals expelling zooxanthellae because of warm waters

what is phylum ctenophora?

comb jellies

how many species of ctenophora is there?

150 species

What kind of digestion and feeding structures does ctenophora have?

mouth and anal pore, gastrovascular cavity

what kind of nervous system does ctenophora have?

nerve net

What does ctenophora use to move?

cilia on 8 comb rows

what is a notable trait of ctenophora?

luminescence

what is the adhesive part of ctenophora tentacles called?

colloblasts

what trait defines the lophophorates?

lophophore appendage (bryozoans and brachiopods)

what trait defines the trochozoans?

trochophore larva (molluscs and annelids)

What is phylum platyhelminthes?

flatworms, planaria, tapeworm, liver flukes

what kind of coelom does phylum platyhelminthes have?

acoelomate

how many germ layers does platyhelminthes have?

3, triploblast

does phylum platyhelminthes have cephalization

yes

what kind of excretory system does phylum platyhelminthes have?

flame cells

how many species of platyhelminthes is there?

30,000

what kind of digestion does planarians (platyhelminthes) have

incomplete, pharynx extends, intestine/gastrovascular cavity branches

what kind of digestive system do flukes (platyhelminthes) have?

complete, mouth anterior, intestine varies in branching

what kind of digestive system do tapeworms (platyhelminthes) have?

none

what kind of circulation and respiration systems do flatworms (platyhelminthes) have?

diffusion through surface (moist env needed)

what kind of nervous system do flatworms (platyhelminthes) have?

cephalization, nerve cords and nerve net

what kind of sensory system do flatworms (platyhelminthes) have?

ocelli (light), statocysts (equilibrium), auricles (chemicals)

how do flatworms (platyhelminthes) move?

rhabdites secrete mucus, move with ciliated epidermis, dual-glands secretes to adhere or release

how do flatworms (platyhelminthes) reproduce asexually?

fission (constrict and separate into two)

how do flatworms (platyhelminthes) reproduce sexually?

hermaphroditic, inseminate partner (penis fencing)

what kind of defense do flatworms (platyhelminthes) have?

regeneration, toxins and coloration, parasites

what are the four classes of platyhelminthes?

turbellaria, trematoda, monogenea, cestoda

what is class turbellaria?

free-living planaria

What is class trematoda?

digenetic (2 hosts) flukes

what is class monogenea?

monogenetic (1 host) flukes

what is class cestoda?

tapeworms

where does class turbellaria live?

most are marine or freshwater bottom-dwellers

how does class trematoda reproduce?

sexual reproduction in vertebrates, asexual reproduction in molluscs

what adaptations for parasitism does class trematoda have?

enzymes to enter skin, hooks/suckers to attach, increased offspring

what is the name of the trematoda larva in vertebrates?

miracidia

what is the name of the trematoda larva in snails?

cercaria

what are examples of class trematoda?

clonorchis (human liver fluke), schistosoma (blood fluke)

what is the host for class monogenea?

external parasites of fish

what is the name of the attachment organ in class monogenea?

opisthaptor

what is the anatomy of class cestoda?

long, flat body with scolex (anchor), and proglottids(reproductive units) in chain (strobila)

what kind of digestive system does class cestoda have?

none

What kind of nervous system does class cestoda have?

nerve cord runs from scolex down strobila

what kind of excretory system does class cestoda have?

flame cells in proglottids

how does class cestoda reproduce?

some self-fertilize but usually cross fertilize by exchanging sperm

what is the beef tapeworm life cycle?

adult in human intestine, juvenile in cattle muscle

what is the habitat/distribution of flatworms?

marine, freshwater, land, parasites

why are flatworms indicator species?

they are tolerant of poor conditions

how many species of phylum gastrotricha?

800

what kind of coelom does phylum gastrotricha have?

acoelomate

what does phylum gastrotricha use for movement?

rhabdites, ciliated ventral surface, dual glands

what kind of digestive tract does phylum gastrotricha have?

complete

what does phylum gastrotricha look like?

hairy bowling pin

how many species of phylum rotifera?

2000

How does phylum rotifera move?

ciliated corona