Anatomy- Final Study Guide

What are some systems of the body?  What are some examples of organs in the body?

The main systems of the body include the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems. Examples of organs are the heart, lungs, stomach, glands, and brain.

What is a membrane?

A membrane is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides spaces in an organism. They can be found in various forms, such as mucous membranes, serous membranes, and synovial membranes.

Mucous membranes line all systems which open to the outside of the body (True/False)

True

Do all cells reproduce at the same rate?

No

An orderly series of steps in which the DNA in the nucleus of the cell is equally distributed to two daughter nuclei is called ______.

mitosis.

Nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, protoplasm – where are they all located?

found within a cell

Nucleoplasm in the nucleus

Cytoplasm in the rest of the cell, collectively referred to as protoplasm.

Some phospholipids are hydrophilic – what does that mean?

They are water-attracting and can interact with water.

The various shades of human skin color are determined by the amount of _____.

melanin

The most superficial layer of the skin is the _____.

epidermis.

What are the functions of the skin?

The functions of the skin include protection against pathogens, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D.

Where are the metacarpals found?  Humerus?  Femur?  Maxilla?

Metacarpals are found in the hand, connecting the wrist to the fingers

Humerus is in the upper arm

Femur is the thigh bone

Maxilla is part of the upper jaw.

What is the order of the spinal column from superior to inferior?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx

The part of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a fixed structure (the least movable) is called the _____.

origin.

Contractility, excitability, elasticity, extensibility – what do these mean when it comes to muscles?

These terms refer to the properties of muscle tissue:

Contractility is the ability to shorten and generate force

Excitability is the ability to respond to stimuli

Elasticity is the ability to return to original shape after stretching

Extensibility is the ability to be stretched without damage

What are the functions of the muscular system?

The functions of the muscular system include enabling movement of the body, maintaining posture, and producing heat through muscle contractions.

The major source of energy for muscular movement comes from _____.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The central nervous system consists of _____ and _____.

the brain and spinal cord.

In stressful situations, which part of the nervous system takes over?

The sympathetic nervous system. also known as the fight-or-flight response.

Each nerve had 1 _____ and many _____.

axon; dendrites

Autonomic Nervous System = Involuntary (true or false)

True

The fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord is _____.

cerebrospinal fluid.

What is diplopia, otitis, conjunctivitis, strabismus, myopia, glaucoma, cataract, hyperopia, tinnitus

double vision (diplopia)

inflammation of the ear (otitis)

inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis)

misalignment of the eyes (strabismus)

nearsightedness (myopia)

increased intraocular (eye) pressure (glaucoma)

clouding of the lens (cataract)

farsightedness (hyperopia)

ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

What is the pinna, eustachian tube, cochlea, sclera, pupil, iris, cornea

the external ear (pinna)

the tube connecting the middle ear to the throat (eustachian tube)

the spiral structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing (cochlea)

the white outer layer of the eye (sclera)

the opening in the center of the iris (pupil)

the colored part of the eye (iris)

the transparent front surface of the eye (cornea).

Cones allow us to see what colors?

red, green, and blue

The optic nerve is sometimes called what?

the second cranial nerve

The visual image is projected onto the retina and transported for interpretation to the _____.

brain via the optic nerve.

The semicircular canals are most responsible for _____.

maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

What is the purpose of tubes being placed through the tympanic membrane?

to drain fluid and equalize pressure in the middle ear.

What are the different taste buds on the tongue?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

The area of the eye that contain the rods and cones is the _____.

retina.

Where does most oral cancer grow in the mouth?

lining of the mouth, tongue, and the floor of the mouth.

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

Thrombus is a blood clot that forms at the site of a vessel injury

Embolus is a blood clot or other material that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a vessel, potentially causing blockage.

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (True/False)

False

Capillaries are the largest of the blood vessels (True/False)

False

What is anemia?  Leukemia?  Thrombocytopenia? Hemoglobin?

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport

Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, resulting in the production of abnormal white blood cells

Thrombocytopenia refers to a low platelet count, increasing the risk of bleeding

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen.

What is the difference between erythropoiesis and hematopoiesis?

Erythropoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells

Hematopoiesis refers to the overall process of blood cell formation

Which node is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?

The sinoatrial (SA) node.

What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia?

Tachycardia is abnormally fast heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute

Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute.

Which blood vessel is the strongest?

Aotra

Where are the valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) of the heart located?

Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral) valve is situated between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.

The lungs are covered with a thin, moist, slippery membrane called _____.

pleura.

What is laryngitis, asthma, diphtheria?

Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx, leading to hoarseness and loss of voice. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and difficulty breathing. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection causing a thick coating in the throat, which can lead to severe breathing difficulties and other systemic issues.

What is the function of the digestive system?

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

What is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity called?

peritoneum.

Food is pushed along the gastrointestinal tract by contractions is called ____?

peristalsis.

What are the functions of the urinary system?

The urinary system removes waste products from the blood, regulates water and electrolyte balance, and maintains acid-base balance in the body.

The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder and 1 urethra (True/False)

True

What are the 3 steps in the formation of urine?

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

What are examples of diuretics?

Examples of diuretics include caffeine, alcohol, and certain medications such as furosemide. They increase urine production and help manage fluid balance in the body.

What is incontinence? Cystitis? Neurogenic bladder?

Incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine

Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder, often caused by infection

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the bladder due to nerve problems, affecting the ability to control urination.

What is a hysterectomy? Menopause?

Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus

Menopause is the natural cessation of menstruation, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years.

What is the difference between dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea?

Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual periods

The testes are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone (True/False)

True

Amenorrhea

is a condition characterized by the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age.