Female Reproductive System (Exam 4)

Structres

Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Clitoris, Vulva, Mammary glands

Ovaries

Production of estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian Tubes

Transport ova from ovary to uterus each month

Uterus

Houses and nourishes embryo from implantation until birth

Vagina

Organ of sexual intercourse. Passageway for delivery of fetus

Clitoris

Organ of sexual response in females

Vulva

Structures of external genitalia .Responsible for protecting inner genitals

Mammary Glands

Not directly involved in reproduction. More important after delivery for production of milk to nourish neonate after birth

Ectopic Pregnancy

occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube

Ectopic Pregnancy Signs and Symptoms

• Fertilized ovum implants and grows in places
other than the uterine cavity. Common site is
interior of the fallopian tube. Other sites include
the ovary, wall of the uterus, or anywhere in the
pelvic cavity.
• Signs of early pregnancy may be present.
• Abdominal pain and tenderness, as well as slight
vaginal bleeding. Rupture of a fallopian tube is
life threatening and may cause severe abdominal
pain and intra-abdominal bleeding

Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment

• Laparotomy is done, with an attempt to save the

ovary.

• Ruptured fallopian tube may require removal.

• All attempts are made to save the ovary.

• Blood transfusion may be necessary in severe intra- abdominal bleeding or hypovolemic shock.

Ellen presents to the emergency department

complaining of abdominal pain. Computed

tomography scan of the abdomen reveals an ovum

has implanted in her fallopian tube. A pregnancy for an

implanted ovum outside of the uterine cavity is known

as an__________

ectopic pregnancy

The doctor diagnoses Heather with ectopic pregnancy. Heather asks her to explain what causes this condition.__________

The doctor explains that it is caused by a blockage or scarring of the tubes which prevents the fertilized egg from being transported to the uterus.

Breast Cancer

a disease in which abnormal cells grow in the breast tissue

Breast Cancer Signs and Symptoms

 Early symptoms include swelling, lump, dimpling,

retraction of nipple, discharge from nipple, and

tenderness.

-Advanced symptoms include nodularity,

redness, edema, ulceration of skin, and enlargement or shrinkage of breast.

-Most common malignancy of women in the United States .Appears to be associated with ovarian hormonal function. High-fat diet appears to

increase the incidence of breast cancer. Family history of breast cancer. Possibly use of hormone replacement therapy (H R T), especially for prolonged periods.

Breast Cancer Treatment

Lumpectomy
- Excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

Modified radical mastectomy

- Excision of the entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)

Adjuvant chemotherapy may be indicated after

surgery if malignant cells are found in the lymph

nodes.

Any combination of surgery, radiation,

chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy may be

performed.

Most women who have mastectomies today

undergo modified radical mastectomies

Mrs. S. had a mastectomy because of breast cancer. The doctor explains the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy he is recommending. Can you explain the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy is used to enhance or extend the effects of surgery and to eliminate any possible metastasis

Lisa detects a lump in her breast while performing breast self- examination. After mammography shows a small tumor, an excision of the breast tumor is performed. This is known as a ____________

Lumpectomy

Sasha is diagnosed with breast cancer and asks the doctor the types of treatments prescribed for breast cancer besides surgery _________

The physician explains that radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are the treatments other than surgery.

Endometriosis

a condition resulting from the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and causing pelvic pain.

Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms

Growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus. Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina

Severity of pain not indicative of extent of the disease

Dyspareunia, dysuria, and, sometimes, painful defecation

Laparoscopy

Visual examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

Colposcopy

Examination of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a colposcope.

-Used to detect signs of disease

Hysterosalpingography

-Radiography, and usually fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes

-Radiography performed after injection of a contrast medium

Mammography

Radiography of the breast to detect tumors, cysts, and microcalcifications and to locate a malignant lesion

Pap Test

Detects abnormal cells in cervix and vagina

Diagnostic procedures

Laparoscopy, Colposcopy, Hysterosalpingography, Mammography, Pap Test

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

Widening of cervical canal with a dilator .Scraping the uterine endometrium.

Cerclage

Sutures are used to close the cervix. Helps prevent premature birth. Decreases chance of spontaneous abortion Sutures removed before delivery

Amniocentesis

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid

Hysterectomys

-Subtotal hysterectomy (cervix not removed).

-Total hysterectomy (cervix removed)

-Total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Reconstructive breast surgery

Tissue (skin) expansion. Breast reconstruction in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath skin and chest muscle. Saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and expander is replaced with a permanent implant.

Transverse rectus abdominis muscle (T R A M) flap

Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from lower half of abdomen), which is passed under skin to breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured in place

Mary presents to the obstetric clinic in her early third trimester with symptoms of premature labor. The physician recommends a procedure to suture the cervix to prevent premature labor and decrease the risk of a spontaneous abortion. This procedure is called ___________

Cerclage