Chapter 15 - Cardiovascular System 7.txt

Angio-

Vessel

Angiotensin

A substance that constricts blood vessels

Ather-

Porridge

Atherosclerosis

Deposits of plaque in arteries

Brady-

Slow

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow heartbeat

Diastol-

Dilation

Diastolic pressure

Blood pressure when the ventricle of the heart is relaxed

Edem-

Swelling

Edema

Accumulation of fluids in the tissues that causes them to swell

-gram

Something written

Electrocardiogram

Recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Lun-

Moon

Semilunar valve

A valve with crescent-shaped flaps

Myo-

Muscle

Myocardium

Muscle tissue within the wall of the heart

Papill-

Nipple

Papillary muscle

A small mound of muscle projecting into a ventricle of the heart

Phleb-

Vein

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Scler-

Hard

Arteriosclerosis

Loss of elasticity and hardening of a blood vessel wall

Syn-

Together

Syncytium

A mass of merging cells that act together

Systol-

Contraction

Systolic pressure

Blood pressure resulting from a single ventricular contraction

Tachy-

Rapid

Tachycardia

Abnormally fast heartbeat

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Valve through which blood passes after the left atrium

Aorta

Where blood goes after the left ventricle

Blood is distributed to the systemic circuit

Final step in the blood flow through the heart

Aortic valve

Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle

Superior vena cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

Inferior vena cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

Alveolar capillaries in the lungs

Facilitate gas exchange between blood and air

Left and right coronary arteries

Arteries supplying blood to heart tissues

Coronary arteries

First two branches of the aorta

Right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Main arteries supplying blood to the heart

Posterior interventricular artery

Branches off the right coronary artery to supply ventricular walls

Marginal artery

Branches off the right coronary artery to supply walls of the right atrium and ventricle

Circumflex artery

Branches off the left coronary artery to supply walls of the left atrium and ventricle

Anterior interventricular artery

Branches off the left coronary artery to supply ventricular walls

Cardiac veins

Drain myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls

Coronary sinus

Where cardiac veins drain into

Aorta

Main artery carrying blood from the heart to the body

Superior vena cava

Transports blood from the upper body to the right atrium

Right pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Left pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary trunk

Major vessel originating from the right ventricle

Left auricle

Small pouch projecting from the left atrium

Left coronary artery

Supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle

Great cardiac vein

Collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle

Anterior interventricular artery

Supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Coronary sinus

Large vein collecting blood from the heart muscle

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Apex of the heart

Pointed end of the heart

Right coronary artery

Supplies blood to the right side of the heart muscle

Inferior vena cava

Transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body

Posterior interventricular artery

Supplies blood to the posterior part of the heart

Cardiac cycle

Events of a heartbeat

Heart chambers during the cardiac cycle

Function in a coordinated manner

Atrial systole

Atria contract while ventricles relax

Ventricular systole

Ventricles contract while atria relax

Atrial diastole

Relaxation of the atria

Ventricular diastole

Relaxation of the ventricles

Heart transplant

Replacement of a failing heart with a donor heart

Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)

Mechanical half-heart used temporarily

Implantable replacement heart

Made of titanium and plastic

Stem cell technology

Allows culturing of cardiac muscle tissue

Stem cell heart patches

Future application for heart treatment

Pressure in heart chambers during the cardiac cycle

Rises and falls

Heart valves during the cardiac cycle

Open and close due to pressure changes

Ventricles during atrial systole and ventricular diastole

Relaxed

Valves during atrial systole and ventricular diastole

A-V valves open, semilunar valves closed

Blood flow during atrial systole and ventricular diastole

70% passively from atria to ventricles

Remaining 30% of blood during atrial systole

Pushed into ventricles by atrial systole

A-V valves during ventricular systole and atrial diastole

Close

Chordae tendineae

Prevent bulging of valve cusps into atria during ventricular systole

Atria during ventricular systole and atrial diastole

Relax

Ventricular filling

The beginning of ventricular filling

Closing of the AV valve

The end of ventricular filling and the beginning of ventricular systole

Opening of the aortic valve

The beginning of ventricular ejection

Closing of the aortic valve

The end of ventricular ejection and the beginning of ventricular diastole

P wave in ECG

Atrial depolarization

QRS complex in ECG

Ventricular depolarization

T wave in ECG

Ventricular repolarization

First heart sound (S1)

The closing of the AV valves

Second heart sound (S2)

The closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves

SA node

The node that normally controls the heart rate

Capillary Wall Structure

A single layer of squamous epithelium

Capillary Function

Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes exchange between blood and tissue fluid

Venule Wall vs

Venule has a thinner wall with less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole

Venule Function

Connects a capillary to a vein

Vein Wall vs

Vein has a thinner wall with a less developed middle layer and may have valves

Vein Function

Carries blood from a venule to the heart, acts as a blood reservoir

Atherosclerosis

Deposits of cholesterol plaque in artery walls

Aneurysm

Bulge in an artery wall due to blood pressure, can burst

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein