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What are the three meanings of healthcare costs?
Price of services, national expenditures, and provider costs.
What does 'imperfect market' mean in healthcare?
Services are utilized in an unchecked way, increasing prices.
How does defensive medicine increase costs?
It leads to unnecessary tests and treatments to avoid lawsuits.
What are the five dimensions of access to care?
Accessibility, accommodation, affordability, availability, acceptability.
Differentiate between quality assurance and quality assessment.
Assessment measures quality against a standard; assurance improves quality through continuous efforts.
What is the definition of health policy?
Decisions meant to influence health outcomes and protect citizens.
What are allocative tools in health policy?
Direct provision of income, services, or goods to certain groups.
What is the role of public policies?
To direct or influence actions, behaviors, or decisions.
Name two principal features of U.S. health policy.
Incremental reform and fragmented policies.
How did the ACA aim to expand access to healthcare?
By reducing the number of uninsured and promoting new care models like medical homes.
What forces will shape the future of healthcare?
National debt, economic growth, and employment.
What is patient activation?
A patient’s skills, confidence, and motivation to engage in their own care.
Why is geriatric training important?
To meet the needs of an aging population requiring specialized care.
What is the Focused Factory Model?
Specialized centers for specific conditions to improve efficiency and outcomes.
How does evidence-based medicine improve healthcare?
By combining clinical data with patient input to guide treatment decisions.
What are the components of the Principles of Management Framework?
Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
What is the Efficient Economic Market Theory?
A theory assuming perfect information, zero transaction costs, and free market entry/exit.
What issue does 'Escape Fire' highlight about the U.S. healthcare system?
It is a payment-centered system instead of patient-centered.
How much of U.S. healthcare costs are driven by personal behaviors?
70%.
What health prediction was made in 'Escape Fire'?
Half of Americans will be diabetic or prediabetic within 10 years.
What is Cleveland Clinic known for?
Delivering the best health outcomes in the U.S. at the lowest cost.
What are three factors that lead to cost escalation in healthcare?
Growth of technology, aging population, and defensive medicine.
How does the Affordable Care Act address quality?
By linking payments to quality outcomes and strengthening infrastructure.
What is a major challenge to delivering cost-efficient care?
Balancing quality with affordability.
What are the historic reasons for resistance to changes in healthcare delivery?
High costs, access disparities, and reliance on experimental models.
