Psychology 2 404

Moral reasoning or moral development

Empathizing with others and distinguishing right from wrong.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional.

Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s stages

Gender bias, neglecting female moral development.

Temperament

Infants' inborn disposition and response tendencies.

Thomas and Chess’s temperament styles

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, etc.

Sequence of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development

Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

Aligns with the exploration of identity and career choices in Erikson's stages

Dealing with careers, attitude, and beliefs.

Multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors

Causes of autism.

History of abuse, substance abuse, stress, and socioeconomic factors

Risk factors of family violence.

Signs of physical injuries, emotional distress, changes in behavior, and withdrawal

Identifiers of abuse.

Biological, psychological, sociocultural

Theories of aging and retirement. Retirement viewed through a sociocultural lens.

Cognitive processes

Mental activity involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge.

Prefrontal cortex

Part of the brain associated with complex ideas and making plans.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Term for smiling when in a bad mood and feeling better.

Demonstrates categorization and cognitive schema efficiency

Conclusion from verifying a cocker spaniel is a dog faster.

Problem recognition, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and result evaluation

Stages of problem-solving.

Algorithm

Logical step-by-step procedure used to solve a problem.

Heuristics

Simple rules used in problem-solving.

Dogs associating the sound of a bell with food

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment.

These terms relate to different aspects of behavior and responses, with classical often associated with learning

Difference between reflexive, instinctive, classical, and basic.

Fear of a white rat

Little Albert's unconditional experience in classical conditioning.

Responses to stimuli

Generalization, recovery, differentiation, and discrimination in classical conditioning.

Concepts associated with learning and memory

Latent learning, immediate recall, spontaneous recovery, and cognitive map.

Operant conditioning

Consequences of behavior as a critical element.

Operant conditioning

Reinforcement and punishment defining terms of.

Concepts related to learning and reinforcement

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, negative, and positive reinforcement.

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Three steps in memory processing.

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Order of the three-stage memory model.

Rehearsal

Process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory.

Chunking; aids storage in long-term memory

Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit.

Unconsciously, without awareness

Implicit/non-declarative memory learned how.

Procedural memory

Blow-drying your hair using what type of memory.

Different aspects of attention and memory

Selective attention, phonemic strategies, priming, and long-term potentiation.

Mnemonic devices

Method of loci and acronyms are examples of.

Serial position effect

Phenomenon when students do better with items from the first and last of the chapter in exams.

Gerontology or developmental psychology

Study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes.

Johan tends to believe that development results from gradual, incremental changes

Developmental model believed by Doctor Ziback and Doctor Johan.

Observations, surveys, experiments, and case studies

Methods of data collection.

Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential

Methods of developmental data collection.

Cross-sectional studies; longitudinal studies provide more in-depth information per participant

Studies that are quickest and least expensive.