Psychology 2 404
1. Empathizing with others and distinguishing right from wrong: Moral reasoning or moral development.
2. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional.
The point is to describe the process of moral reasoning and development.
3. Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s stages: Gender bias, neglecting female moral development.
4. Infants' inborn disposition and response tendencies: Temperament.
5. Thomas and Chess’s temperament styles: Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
6. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt, etc.
7. Sequence of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
8. Dealing with careers, attitude, and beliefs: Aligns with the exploration of identity and career choices in Erikson's stages.
9. Causes of autism: Multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors.
10. Risk factors of family violence: History of abuse, substance abuse, stress, and socioeconomic factors.
11. Identifiers of abuse: Signs of physical injuries, emotional distress, changes in behavior, and withdrawal.
12. Theories of aging and retirement: Biological, psychological, sociocultural. Retirement viewed through a sociocultural lens.
13. Mental activity involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge: Cognitive processes.
14. Part of the brain associated with complex ideas and making plans: Prefrontal cortex.
15. Term for smiling when in a bad mood and feeling better: Facial feedback hypothesis.
16. Conclusion from verifying a cocker spaniel is a dog faster: Demonstrates categorization and cognitive schema efficiency.
17. Stages of problem-solving: Problem recognition, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and result evaluation.
18. Logical step-by-step procedure used to solve a problem: Algorithm.
19. Simple rules used in problem-solving: Heuristics.
20. Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment: Dogs associating the sound of a bell with food.
21. Difference between reflexive, instinctive, classical, and basic: These terms relate to different aspects of behavior and responses, with classical often associated with learning.
22. Little Albert's unconditional experience in classical conditioning: Fear of a white rat.
23. Generalization, recovery, differentiation, and discrimination in classical conditioning: Responses to stimuli.
24. Latent learning, immediate recall, spontaneous recovery, and cognitive map: Concepts associated with learning and memory.
25. Consequences of behavior as a critical element: Operant conditioning.
26. Reinforcement and punishment defining terms of: Operant conditioning.
27. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, negative, and positive reinforcement: Concepts related to learning and reinforcement.
28. Three steps in memory processing: Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
29. Order of the three-stage memory model: Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
30. Process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory: Rehearsal.
31. Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit: Chunking; aids storage in long-term memory.
32. Implicit/non-declarative memory learned how: Unconsciously, without awareness.
33. Blow-drying your hair using what type of memory: Procedural memory.
34. Difference between selective attention, phonemic strategies, priming, and long-term potentiation: Different aspects of attention and memory.
35. Method of loci and acronyms are examples of: Mnemonic devices.
36. Phenomenon when students do better with items from the first and last of the chapter in exams: Serial position effect.
37. Study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes: Gerontology or developmental psychology.
38. Developmental model believed by Doctor Ziback and Doctor Johan: Johan tends to believe that development results from gradual, incremental changes. Dr. Ziback tends to believe in the stage model, which says that development results from discrete, qualitative changes.
39. Methods of data collection: Observations, surveys, experiments, and case studies.
40. Methods of developmental data collection: Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential.
41. Studies that are quickest and least expensive: Cross-sectional studies; longitudinal studies provide more in-depth information per participant.