Gender and Sexual Identities Sociologists

Parsons (Traditional Gender Identities)

Parsons (Traditional Gender Identities)

Females have expressive roles, males have instrumental roles and reinforced through socialisation

Oakley (Traditional Gender identities)

Primary socialisation, hegemonic masculinity/femininity, manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations and domestic activities

McRobbie (Traditional Gender identities)

Girls in youth subcultures, smaller roles than boys, subcultures male dominated, self-fulfilling prophecy, lack of qualifications, culture of femininity and bedroom culture

Nakuamura (Traditional Gender Identities)

Women stereotyped in media, digital communication increase and forum for support

Billington (Traditional Gender identities)

Media presents masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate

Ferguson (Traditional Gender identities)

Content analysis, women's magazines and cult of femininity

Mitsos and Browne (Traditional Gender Identities)

Girls do better in education, teachers less strict with boys, label boys as disruptive, culture of masculinity and anti-learning culture

Willis (Traditional Gender identities)

Little interest in academic work, manual work superior, counter school subculture, monotony, shop floor, hegemonic masculinity and fathers backgrounds

Skelton (Traditional Gender identities)

Hidden curriculum

Kelly (Traditional Gender identities)

Science is a masculine subject, textbooks, shouting and grabbing equipment

Colley (Traditional Gender Identities)

School subject choices, perceptions of gender roles, subjects preferences and learning environment

Mac an Ghail (Traditional Gender identities)

Crisis of Masculinity, macho lads and women become breadwinners

Adkins (Traditional Gender identities)

Labour market gendered character, employing married couples, vertical segregation, horizontal segregation and cheap labour

Connell (Changing Gender Identities Postmodernism)

Hegemonic masculinity, subordinate masculinity, complicit masculinity and marginalised masculinity

Sewell (Changing Gender Identities Postmodernism)

Hyper-masculinity, matriarchal backgrounds

Mort (Changing Gender Identities Postmodernism)

Men - changes of style, fashion magazines, consumption of large quantities of toiletries, increased designer-labels and sexualisation

Nixon (Changing Gender Identities Postmodernism)

New man and Levi's Laundrette advert

Jackson (Changing Gender Identities Postmodernism)

Socially constructed, ladette, assertive femininity, media and double standards

McCormack (Sexual Identities)

Masculinities, sexuality, media and declining homophobia effects

Mac an Ghail (Sexual Identities)

Three f's and false masculinity

McIntosh (Sexual Identities)

Effeminate mannerisms, expectations fulfilled and certain characteristics

Rich (Sexual Identities)

Women sexuality oppressed by patriarchy, subordinate role and lesbian construction is abnormal

Weeks (Sexual Identities)

Statement of sexuality can be sense of belonging

Plummer (Sexual Identities)

Homosexuality is a process, homosexual career, subcultures and peers