Covalent Bonding and Molecular Shape

Functional Groups, Bonds,

formula for calculating formal charge

group # - dots - sticks

non-polar covalent bond

bond between two non-metals where electrons are shared equally

polar covalent bonds

bonds between two non-metals where electrons are shared inequally

what is the importance of functional groups?

allow for organization of organic molecules, sites of characteristic chemical reactions, and a basis for naming organic compounds

alkane

alkene

alkyne

aromatic (arene)

alcohol

thiol

amine

halide

ether

sulfide

nitrile

nitro

ketone

carboxylic acid

acid chloride

aldehyde

ester

amide

Explain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons

Primary carbons are bonded to one carbon, secondary two, etc…

Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols

Primary Alcohols: One carbon is bonded to another carbon

Secondary Alcohol: One carbon is bonded to two other carbons 

Tertiary Alcohols: One alcohol is bonded to three other carbons

Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary amines

Primary Amines: Nitrogen bonded to one carbon

Secondary Amines: Nitrogen is bonded to two carbons

Tertiary Amines: Nitrogen is bonded to three carbons

What geomtry can carbon take on?

Linear (180/sp), Trigonal Planar (120, sp2), and tetrahedral (109.5, sp3)