gender and media flashcards

view of feminism

third-wave feminism

third-wave feminism

crucial and ongoing

post feminism

outdated or completed

third-wave feminists

core belief: inequality still exists; it is complex, varies by race, class, etc

post feminism

women have achieved equal rights and possess full independence

third-wave feminism

focus on systemic change, intersectionality, collective activism

post feminism focus

individual empowerment, financial independence, consumer choice

third wave feminism

media and culture: critique media to dismantle patriarchal structures, stereotypes

postfeminism

media and culture:

use media, fashion and consumerism as tools of personal expression

third wave feminism

extending the fight for equality

postfeminism

celebrating the win

postfeminism

tied to consumer culture

lifestyle rather than activism

postfeminism

traditional feminist discourse incorporated into consumerism

postfeminism

focus on advertising

focus on advertising

historical portrayals critiqued

femvertising

advertisers respond to criticism with ____ (female empowerment advertising)

commodity feminism

ideas of feminism are linked to product

individualization

success/failure based on the merits of the individual rather than systemic changes (“victim blaming”)

self surveillance

femininity requires attention, work, and vigilance (bodies, behavior and mental discipline)

self surveillance

the “self” is a project

common discourse

embracing femininity

embracing femininity

women can “reclaim” or “choose” traditional femininity.

women can “internalize” society’s expectations

confidence culture

invites women to monitor, improve their confidence.

confidence culture

fails to address cultural factors that produce self-doubt, insecurity

love your body

“positive” emotional messages

shift from regulating bodies to regulating the mind (psychological self-improvement)

components of analyzing media

people, text, people

people first component

sender, producer, author, creator

text component

message, text, content

people 2nd component

receiver, audience, consumer

text

any media artifact mediated communication

(not limited to printed text)

post on social media etc

methodology

employ different research methods

scholars can draw on more than one method for their research

methodology

choice depends on research question

am I studying people? am I studying texts?

first determine when studying texts:

context and textual analysis

two methods to study text

social science methods

quantitative

collect numerical data

involve measurement

humanities

qualitative

collect textual data

involve interpretation

content analysis

studies texts

sorts content into predetermined categories

counts specific occurrences of particular content

early content analysis

visibility —how many?

steretyping—how portrayed?

1) initially, representation in news media

2) expanded to advetising, popular culture

may reinforce

portrayals _____ children’s traditional views of work and domestic responsibility

effects

you can’t assume anything about the ____ of the content on the audience using a content analysis.

textual analysis

studies texts

looks for common themes/patterns

researcher interprets meaning of texts

idealogical analysis

focus is on power relationships

how are they established, maintained, challenged

analysis of empowered vs marginalized

draws on notions of hegemony

semiotic analysis

based on the study of “sign systems”

how sign systems work together to convey meaning

sign systems: language, colors, clothing, camera angles, music etc

survey

studies people

distribution/collection of questionnaires

can be used with large groups

survey

common in sociology

often measures attitudes, beliefs, opinions

collects demographic data

producers

are journalists producers or audiences?

experiments

studies people

studies interaction of variables

• independent variable (manipulated)

• dependent variable (measured)

experiments

common in psychology

smaller in scale than surveys

often measures differences or changes

collects demographic data

qualitative methods

in-depth interviews

focus groups

field observation

case study

in-depth interviews

studies people

one-on-one interviewer/subject

used w/ small group of subjects

collects data in subject’s own words

looks for common themes/patterns

focus groups

studies people

small-group interview session (s)

moderator directs discussion

collects data in subject’s own words

looks for common themes/patterns

field observation

studies people

“naturalistic setting”

subjects may/may not be aware of study

researcher records observations/data

looks for common themes/patterns

case study

studies people and texts

focuses on individual event/occurrence

uses multiple methodologies

history case study

studies people and/or texts

uses primary (historical sources)

involves interpretation

law case study

uses primary sources

uses case law/precedents

cottage industry

colonial america

everyone including women helped husbands with printing business

kind of like entrepreneurship they did everything themselves

women’s magazines

topics were limited

where women generally worked in for an industry

magazines geared towards children

Ida B. Wells

leader for civil rights movement

industrialization

production shifted sites

news as a commodity/product

professionalization

hierarchy of jobs

rise of apprenticeships

penny press - 1800s

passage of 19th amendment

brought women back into public life —> get involved in journalism

30,090 journalists

occupational census of 1900:

2,193

of the 1900 30,090 journalists ____ were women

some women journalists

went on the front of world war II

Margerite Higgins and Dickey Chapelle

on the domestic front

women were more significant

second wave of feminism (70s)

drew attention to gender inequality in terms of staffing

early film production

no gendered roles

studio system

1920s

hierarchy (first happened in newsrooms)

• bigger productions — cost more money — break up responsibilities not just independent filmmakers

  • directors, screenwriters, editors, costume designers

screenwriters

women were relegated to ____

60s

women lost ground in _____

actresses behind camera: Barbra Streisand

1970s and 80s

resurgence of women breaking into roles as producers and studio executives

radio

essentially a male hobby

radio

needed content smth for people to listen to

live content

not recorded

no gendered roles really

in beginning of radio days

women performers and talent managers

live content

women

target audience —> why women were able to break into radio

radio networks

centralized producing radio content

• women’s shows

• soap opera

world war II

no lasting impact

radio

shift to music —> rise of DJ (NPR established in 1970s)

NPR

commitment to diversity

didn’t pay as well didn’t attract much men

—> more opportunities for women

television

duplicated radio structure (few women behind the camera, except soap opera writing—women were in front of camera)

internet

kind of like radio

early days: heavily male-dominated —> bc very technical

“enablers”

internet: women as ____

blurring the line

world wide web —→ internet: production and consumption

internet

rise of social media and content creation

“big picture”

of the gender in the media is difficult because

gender in the media

no centralized database

rapidly changing numbers

different types of data

more focus on news

LBTQ+ data underreported

industry-wide organizations

independent organizations

individual media organizations

data collected by/from

Gannett

no longer collecting diversity data

celluloid ceiling

reports track employment on top-grossing films

film

involves way less women than other media industries statistically

boxed in

reports track employment broadcast network programs

men

still dominate media production

women

have made gains in some industries, but the numbers in others remain stagnant

discrepancy

greatest at the highest levels

media jobs

represent a gendered division of labor