Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Flashcards based on notes from Materials Science Engineering.

Mechanical properties of materials reflect the relationship between a material’s response to an applied __.

load or force.

__ is a weak form of magnetism that is nonpermanent and only exists while an external magnetic field is applied.

Diamagnetism.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provides __ in the manner tests are conducted.

consistency.

In a tension test, the __ is applied uniaxially along the long axis of a specimen.

load.

Compressive stress is taken to be __.

negative.

While undergoing elastic deformation, a material __ returns to its original shape upon removal of the load.

non-permanently.

Ductility measures the degree of plastic __ that has been sustained at fracture.

deformation.

The __ curve is used to determine yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.

stress-strain.

An example of a hardness test includes the __ hardness test.

Rockwell.

Ferro__ materials are characterized by a permanent magnetic moment in the absence of an external field.

magnetic.

In electrical properties, __ relates the current to the applied voltage.

Ohm's Law.

Electrical resistivity can be influenced by thermal vibrations, __, and plastic deformation.

impurities.

In thermal properties, heat capacity indicates a material’s ability to absorb __.

heat.

The __ is the temperature at which a material changes its phase from solid to liquid.

melting point.

In a compression test, the specimen contracts along the direction of the __.

stress.

Elastic deformation obeys __ law.

Hooke's.

The modulus of __ is a measure of a material's stiffness.

elasticity.

The __ is the maximum stress a material can sustain in tension.

tensile strength.

Torsion produces __ motion.

rotational.

Shear tests measure shear stress and __.

strain.

In metals, the phenomenon whereby heat is transported is known as __ conductivity.

thermal.

A __ material experiences little plastic deformation before fracture.

brittle.

Plastic deformation occurs when stress is no longer proportional to __.

strain.

The yield strength is determined by constructing a parallel line to the elastic portion of the __ curve.

stress-strain.

Thermal expansion describes the change in length of a solid material with __.

temperature.

The __ muscle is an example of a ductile material, allowing for significant deformation.

smooth.

The tensile test is a __ test.

destructive.

The linear coefficient of __ expansion indicates how much a material expands upon heating.

thermal.

Iron is commonly classified as a __ magnetic material.

ferromagnetic.

The __ is the original length before any loads are applied during testing.

initial length.

The __ is the stress at which material deforms permanently.

yield point.

The measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture is called __.

toughness.

Electrical conductivity indicates the ease with which a material can conduct an __ current.

electric.

Materials are classified into conductors, semiconductors, and __ based on their electrical conductivity.

insulators.

The __ of a material is a measure of its resistance to plastic deformation.

hardness.

In shear tests, _ strain is defined as the ratio of displacement to an initial length.

shear.

Elastic deformation is characterized by stress and strain being __.

proportional.

In the context of magnetism, materials that do not retain magnetization after an external field is removed are called __.

non-magnetic.

The phrase __ describes the energy absorbed by a material and recovered upon unloading.

modulus of resilience.

Materials with very large thermal expansions are typically __.

polymers.

The gradual increase of tensile load during a tension test ultimately leads to __.

fracture.

The phenomenon of thermal stress occurs due to temperature changes or __ thermal expansion.

restrained.

Parameters such as temperature, __, and mechanical loading affect a material's resistivity.

impurities.

The __ point is where a material has reached its maximum stress capacity in tension.

fracture.

Thermal conductivity is measured in units of __ per unit time per unit area.

heat flow.

The __ of a material often determines its application in engineering design.

ductility.

A tensile test typically requires a __ specimen to ensure accurate results.

standard.

Fracture occurs at the intersection of the stress-strain curve and the __ point.

fracture.

The Young's Modulus is represented by the variable __ in equations related to stress and strain.

E.

To compute the elongation of a material in tension, the __ of the material is also needed in addition to stress.

Young's modulus.

Engaging with all of these properties enables engineers to effectively select the right __ for application.

materials.

The brittle failure of materials typically occurs with little to no __ deformation.

plastic.

Materials subjected to tensile forces experience __ stresses.

tensile.

The __ ratio of a material characterizes its ductility under stress conditions.

Poisson's.

In electrical conductivity, the higher the conductivity value, the better the __ is at conducting electricity.

material.

The maximum tensile stress a material can withstand before failure is known as __ point.

fracture.

An important property of ferromagnetic materials is their ability to retain a __.

magnetization.

The classification of mechanical properties involves understanding stress, strain, and __.

deformation.

To understand the conduction mechanisms, one must examine the __ band structure.

electron.

The __ test is commonly used to determine plasticity and hardness in materials.

Brinell.

The __ property indicates how a material reacts thermally to an applied temperature change.

thermal.

Conductors have high conductivity values, around __ (Ω-m)-1.

10^7.

The stress-strain curve typically shows two distinct regions: __ and plastic.

elastic.

A material's ability to resist deformation is termed __.

rigidity.

The classification based on responses to electrical fields includes conductors, semiconductors, and __.

insulators.

_ is the measure of how much energy can be stored elastically in a material.

Resilience.

The __ in an electron's energy band can influence a material's electrical properties.

band gap.

The thermal expansion perpendicular to the direction of the applied load is known as __ expansion.

lateral.

Electrical conduction occurs easiest in __, where energy is required to promote electrons.

conductors.

Materials that show significant thermal expansion are mostly __.

polymers.