Biology Module 3

The capacity to do work

Energy

Energy of Movement/Motion

Kinetic Energy

Stored Energy

Potential Energy

“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another”

First Law of Thermodynamics

“Every system tends to disorder (entropy)”

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The totality of organisms reactions

Metabolism

Manage material and energy resources of the cell

Metabolic pathways

Catabolism

Releases Energy

Anabolism

Consumes Energy

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules

Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Nucleotides

Subunits

Net release of energy, energetically favorable

Exergonic

Absorb free energy, energetically unfavorable

Endergonic

Cells use energy in the form of

ATP

Creates high energy intermediates

Phosphoryl

Increase rate of reaction without being consumed

Catalyst

Protein catalyst that speeds up a specific reaction

Enzyme

Energy reactant molecules must absorb to reach transition state

Activation Energy

Enzymes bind to substrates at

Active sites

Amino acids that make up an active side

Binding site

Amino acids that break or synthesize bonds

Catalytic Sites

A substrate interaction induces change in active site

Induced Fit

Three critical amino acids

Lysine, Histidine, Arginine

The concentration of substrate impacts the

Reaction Rate

The concentration of enzymes impacts the

Reaction rate

Resemble and enzymes substrate and compete with the substrate for the active site

Competitive Inhibitors

Change enzyme shape by binding to it at a site other than the active site

Allosteric/non-competitive inhibitors