APES Sem. 1 Final (Study)

Stotlar, 2022, Apes, Marshall Fundamental

Zero Population Growth

When the population doesn’t grow or decline

Population Momentum

The effect of current age structure on future population growth

Growth Rate

% of increase or decrease in a population

Crude Birth rate

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Crude Death Rate

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday

Total Fertility Rate

An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Affluence

Having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property

Demography

The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

Developed

Economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living

Developing

Exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement

Immigration

Persons entering a country

Emigration

Persons exiting a country 

Demographic Transition

As a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

Replacement-Level Fertility

Having just enough infants born to main the population (2.1 children per woman) 

Nonrenewable Energy Resource

An energy source with a finite supply. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels. "Once they're gone, there's no more"

Fossil fuels

Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)

Nuclear Fuels

Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy

Commercial energy sources

Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)

Subsistence energy sources

Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.

Energy Carrier

Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.

Turbine

Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.

Electrical Grid

Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

Capacity

Maximum Electrical output of a plant

Capacity Factor

Fraction of time a plant is operating.

Cogeneration and /Combined Heat and Power

Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.

Coal

Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.

Petroleum

Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.

Crude Oil

Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum

Oil Sands

Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.

Bitumen

(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.

CTL

Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel

Energy Intensity

Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.

Peak Oil

Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.

Fission

Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.

Fuel Rods

Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.

Control Rods

Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.

Radioactive Waste

Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.

Becquerel (Bq)

Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.

Curie

Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.

Nuclear Fusion

Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.

Energy Conservation

Finding ways to use less energy

Tiered Rate System

Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.

Peak Demand

Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.

Passive Solar Design

Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.

Thermal Mass or Inertia

Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.

Potentially Renewable

An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely AS LONG AS it is not overharvested (wood, biomass, etc.)

Nondepletable

An energy source that CAN'T be used up (Sun, wind, etc.)

Renewable

In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondependable

Biofuels

Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.

Modern Carbon

Carbon in biomass

Fossil Carbon

Carbon in fossil fuels.

Carbon Neutral

An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Net Removal

Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -\> Deforestation.

Ethanol

Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.

Biodiesel

A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants (bio-)

Flex-Fuel Vehicles

Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.

Hydroelectricity

Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.

Run-of-the-river

Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.

Water Impoundment

Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.

Tidal Energy

Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.

Active Solar Energy

Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.

Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.

Geothermal Energy

Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.

Ground Source Heat Pumps

Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.

Wind Energy

Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.

Wind Turbine

Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.

Fuel Cell

Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.

Electrolysis

Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.

Smart grid

Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.

crustal abundance

The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust

ores

concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

metals

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.

resource reserves

the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

surface mining

Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.

strip mining

the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

open-pit mining

a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground

mountaintop removal

miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives

placer mining

the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments

tailings (mining spoils)

unwanted waste material created during mining

subsurface mining

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it

Mining Law of 1872 (General Mining Act)

\-Regulate the mining of copper, silver, gold ore as well as fuels including natural gas and oil on federal lands

\-Allowed individuals and companies to recover ores or fuels from federal land (was originally created to encourage development and settlement of the West)

acid mine drainage

Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

Saprophytes (decomposers)

heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi that feed on dead and decaying organisms

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore (Primary Consumer)

A consumer that eats producers

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Succession

The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time

Niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.