Studied by 9 people
Stotlar, 2022, Apes, Marshall Fundamental
Zero Population Growth
When the population doesn’t grow or decline
Population Momentum
The effect of current age structure on future population growth
Growth Rate
% of increase or decrease in a population
Crude Birth rate
Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
Crude Death Rate
Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday
Total Fertility Rate
An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
Affluence
Having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property
Demography
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
Developed
Economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living
Developing
Exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement
Immigration
Persons entering a country
Emigration
Persons exiting a country
Demographic Transition
As a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
Replacement-Level Fertility
Having just enough infants born to main the population (2.1 children per woman)
Nonrenewable Energy Resource
An energy source with a finite supply. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels. "Once they're gone, there's no more"
Fossil fuels
Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)
Nuclear Fuels
Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy
Commercial energy sources
Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)
Subsistence energy sources
Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.
Energy Carrier
Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.
Turbine
Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.
Electrical Grid
Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.
Capacity
Maximum Electrical output of a plant
Capacity Factor
Fraction of time a plant is operating.
Cogeneration and /Combined Heat and Power
Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.
Coal
Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.
Petroleum
Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.
Crude Oil
Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum
Oil Sands
Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.
Bitumen
(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.
CTL
Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel
Energy Intensity
Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.
Peak Oil
Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.
Fission
Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.
Fuel Rods
Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.
Control Rods
Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.
Radioactive Waste
Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.
Becquerel (Bq)
Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.
Curie
Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.
Nuclear Fusion
Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.
Energy Conservation
Finding ways to use less energy
Tiered Rate System
Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.
Peak Demand
Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.
Passive Solar Design
Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.
Thermal Mass or Inertia
Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.
Potentially Renewable
An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely AS LONG AS it is not overharvested (wood, biomass, etc.)
Nondepletable
An energy source that CAN'T be used up (Sun, wind, etc.)
Renewable
In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondependable
Biofuels
Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
Modern Carbon
Carbon in biomass
Fossil Carbon
Carbon in fossil fuels.
Carbon Neutral
An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Net Removal
Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -> Deforestation.
Ethanol
Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.
Biodiesel
A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants (bio-)
Flex-Fuel Vehicles
Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.
Hydroelectricity
Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.
Run-of-the-river
Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.
Water Impoundment
Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.
Tidal Energy
Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.
Active Solar Energy
Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.
Geothermal Energy
Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.
Wind Energy
Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.
Wind Turbine
Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.
Fuel Cell
Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.
Electrolysis
Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.
Smart grid
Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.
crustal abundance
The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust
ores
concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted
metals
Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.
resource reserves
the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered
surface mining
Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.
strip mining
the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore
open-pit mining
a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground
mountaintop removal
miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives
placer mining
the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments
tailings (mining spoils)
unwanted waste material created during mining
subsurface mining
Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it
Mining Law of 1872 (General Mining Act)
-Regulate the mining of copper, silver, gold ore as well as fuels including natural gas and oil on federal lands
-Allowed individuals and companies to recover ores or fuels from federal land (was originally created to encourage development and settlement of the West)
acid mine drainage
Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
abiotic factors
Nonliving components of environment.
biotic factors
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment
Saprophytes (decomposers)
heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi that feed on dead and decaying organisms
Omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and animals
Carnivore
A consumer that eats only animals.
Herbivore (Primary Consumer)
A consumer that eats producers
Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Succession
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time
Niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
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