The effect of current age structure on future population growth
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Growth Rate
% of increase or decrease in a population
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Crude Birth rate
Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
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Crude Death Rate
Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
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Infant Mortality Rate
Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday
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Total Fertility Rate
An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years
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Affluence
Having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property
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Demography
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
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Developed
Economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living
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Developing
Exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement
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Immigration
Persons entering a country
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Emigration
Persons exiting a country
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Demographic Transition
As a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
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Replacement-Level Fertility
Having just enough infants born to main the population (2.1 children per woman)
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Nonrenewable Energy Resource
An energy source with a finite supply. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels. "Once they're gone, there's no more"
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Fossil fuels
Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)
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Nuclear Fuels
Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy
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Commercial energy sources
Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)
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Subsistence energy sources
Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.
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Energy Carrier
Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.
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Turbine
Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.
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Electrical Grid
Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.
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Capacity
Maximum Electrical output of a plant
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Capacity Factor
Fraction of time a plant is operating.
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Cogeneration and /Combined Heat and Power
Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.
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Coal
Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.
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Petroleum
Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.
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Crude Oil
Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum
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Oil Sands
Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.
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Bitumen
(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.
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CTL
Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel
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Energy Intensity
Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.
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Peak Oil
Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.
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Fission
Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.
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Fuel Rods
Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.
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Control Rods
Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.
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Radioactive Waste
Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.
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Becquerel (Bq)
Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.
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Curie
Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.
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Nuclear Fusion
Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.
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Energy Conservation
Finding ways to use less energy
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Tiered Rate System
Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.
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Peak Demand
Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.
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Passive Solar Design
Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.
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Thermal Mass or Inertia
Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.
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Potentially Renewable
An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely AS LONG AS it is not overharvested (wood, biomass, etc.)
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Nondepletable
An energy source that CAN'T be used up (Sun, wind, etc.)
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Renewable
In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondependable
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Biofuels
Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
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Modern Carbon
Carbon in biomass
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Fossil Carbon
Carbon in fossil fuels.
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Carbon Neutral
An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations
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Net Removal
Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -\> Deforestation.
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Ethanol
Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.
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Biodiesel
A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants (bio-)
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Flex-Fuel Vehicles
Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.
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Hydroelectricity
Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.
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Run-of-the-river
Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.
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Water Impoundment
Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.
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Tidal Energy
Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.
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Active Solar Energy
Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.
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Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.
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Geothermal Energy
Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.
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Ground Source Heat Pumps
Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.
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Wind Energy
Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.
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Wind Turbine
Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.
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Fuel Cell
Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.
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Electrolysis
Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.
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Smart grid
Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.
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crustal abundance
The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust
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ores
concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted
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metals
Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.
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resource reserves
the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered
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surface mining
Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.
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strip mining
the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore
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open-pit mining
a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground
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mountaintop removal
miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives
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placer mining
the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments
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tailings (mining spoils)
unwanted waste material created during mining
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subsurface mining
Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.
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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it
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Mining Law of 1872 (General Mining Act)
\-Regulate the mining of copper, silver, gold ore as well as fuels including natural gas and oil on federal lands
\-Allowed individuals and companies to recover ores or fuels from federal land (was originally created to encourage development and settlement of the West)
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acid mine drainage
Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
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Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
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Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
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Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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abiotic factors
Nonliving components of environment.
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biotic factors
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment
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Saprophytes (decomposers)
heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi that feed on dead and decaying organisms
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Omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and animals
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Carnivore
A consumer that eats only animals.
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Herbivore (Primary Consumer)
A consumer that eats producers
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Biosphere
part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
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Symbiosis
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
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Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
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Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
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Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
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Succession
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time
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Niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
Studied by 9 people
