APES Sem. 1 Final (Study)

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Zero Population Growth

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Stotlar, 2022, Apes, Marshall Fundamental

160 Terms

1

Zero Population Growth

When the population doesn’t grow or decline

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2

Population Momentum

The effect of current age structure on future population growth

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3

Growth Rate

% of increase or decrease in a population

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4

Crude Birth rate

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

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5

Crude Death Rate

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

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6

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday

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7

Total Fertility Rate

An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

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8

Affluence

Having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property

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9

Demography

The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

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10

Developed

Economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living

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11

Developing

Exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement

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12

Immigration

Persons entering a country

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13

Emigration

Persons exiting a country

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14

Demographic Transition

As a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

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15

Replacement-Level Fertility

Having just enough infants born to main the population (2.1 children per woman)

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16

Nonrenewable Energy Resource

An energy source with a finite supply. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels. "Once they're gone, there's no more"

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17

Fossil fuels

Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)

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18

Nuclear Fuels

Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy

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19

Commercial energy sources

Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)

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20

Subsistence energy sources

Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.

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21

Energy Carrier

Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.

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22

Turbine

Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.

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23

Electrical Grid

Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

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24

Capacity

Maximum Electrical output of a plant

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25

Capacity Factor

Fraction of time a plant is operating.

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26

Cogeneration and /Combined Heat and Power

Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.

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27

Coal

Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.

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28

Petroleum

Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.

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29

Crude Oil

Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum

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30

Oil Sands

Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.

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31

Bitumen

(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.

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32

CTL

Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel

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33

Energy Intensity

Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.

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34

Peak Oil

Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.

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35

Fission

Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.

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36

Fuel Rods

Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.

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37

Control Rods

Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.

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38

Radioactive Waste

Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.

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39

Becquerel (Bq)

Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.

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40

Curie

Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.

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41

Nuclear Fusion

Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.

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42

Energy Conservation

Finding ways to use less energy

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43

Tiered Rate System

Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.

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44

Peak Demand

Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.

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45

Passive Solar Design

Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.

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46

Thermal Mass or Inertia

Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.

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47

Potentially Renewable

An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely AS LONG AS it is not overharvested (wood, biomass, etc.)

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48

Nondepletable

An energy source that CAN'T be used up (Sun, wind, etc.)

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49

Renewable

In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondependable

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50

Biofuels

Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.

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51

Modern Carbon

Carbon in biomass

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52

Fossil Carbon

Carbon in fossil fuels.

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53

Carbon Neutral

An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

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54

Net Removal

Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -> Deforestation.

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55

Ethanol

Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.

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56

Biodiesel

A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants (bio-)

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57

Flex-Fuel Vehicles

Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.

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58

Hydroelectricity

Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.

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59

Run-of-the-river

Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.

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60

Water Impoundment

Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.

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61

Tidal Energy

Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.

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62

Active Solar Energy

Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.

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63

Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.

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64

Geothermal Energy

Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.

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65

Ground Source Heat Pumps

Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.

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66

Wind Energy

Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.

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67

Wind Turbine

Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.

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68

Fuel Cell

Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.

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69

Electrolysis

Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.

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70

Smart grid

Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.

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71

crustal abundance

The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust

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72

ores

concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

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73

metals

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.

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74

resource reserves

the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

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75

surface mining

Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.

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76

strip mining

the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

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77

open-pit mining

a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground

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78

mountaintop removal

miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives

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79

placer mining

the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments

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80

tailings (mining spoils)

unwanted waste material created during mining

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81

subsurface mining

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.

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82

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it

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83

Mining Law of 1872 (General Mining Act)

-Regulate the mining of copper, silver, gold ore as well as fuels including natural gas and oil on federal lands

-Allowed individuals and companies to recover ores or fuels from federal land (was originally created to encourage development and settlement of the West)

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84

acid mine drainage

Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.

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85

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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86

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

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87

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

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88

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

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89

biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

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90

Saprophytes (decomposers)

heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi that feed on dead and decaying organisms

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91

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

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92

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

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93

Herbivore (Primary Consumer)

A consumer that eats producers

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94

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

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95

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

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96

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

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97

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

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98

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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99

Succession

The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time

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100

Niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

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