BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM SG
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218 Terms
phase where DNA is doubled (46 chrm to 96)
interphase
DNA condenses into individual chromosomes, and the nucleus break down
Prophase
the condensed chromosomes line up on the equate
metaphase
chromosomes get attached to fibers and begin to pull aprt
anaphase
when cells pinch into the cleavage furrow
Telophase
cells completely split
cytokenesis
Cell increases in size and makes the mRNA and proteins needed for DNA replication
G1
DNA replication, the chromosomes are duplicated
S (synthesis)
Rapid cell growth and protein synthesis. Cell prepares for mitosis
G2
Cytoplasm divides and the two cells separate
cytokenesis(level)
The green flourescent structures are
spindle fibers
Cella that no longer divide (such as certain specialized cell in the brain) stay in which phase of the cell cycle?
G0 phase
What do daughter cells following mitosis and cytokinesis do?
they are genetically identical to each other to parent cell
Unspecialized cells
stem cells
Capable of infinite renewal
stem cells
Inducible (chemical)
stem cells
Where does mitosis take place in animals?
somatic body cells: skin cells, bone Murrow cells
What model best explains the DNA replication process?
semi-conservative
Which genes cause error are involved in cancer
p53 & BRCA1
What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoint?
ro ensure that all cellular processes have been completed correctly before entering next phase
What is the key purpose of apoptosis?
to remove damaged or abnormal cells before they multiply
Where does mitosis in plants take place?
meristems: at tips of root and shoot out
How do multicellular organisms develop from a single cell?
through mitosis divides to produce more cells
What must occur for a cell to be produced?
DNA replication and Cell Division
What is involved at every step of DNA replication?
enzymes
How do enzymes work?
in one directon
What do enzymes exactly to in DNA replication?
proof read and correct any copying errors made
What is the purpose of the centromere?
keeps sister chromatids together in an organized way until they are separated before nuclear division
what is the first step of DNA replication?
unzip
what is the second step of DNA replication?
unwind
what is step three of DNA replication?
add nuclotoids
What is the fourth step of DNA replication?
add new double stranded DNA
Where does DNA replication occur?
in 5 prime to 3 prime location
In eukaryotes, DNA exists in the cell nucleus nd organized into what?
chromosomes
What does semi-conservative mean?
each chromatid contains haff the original parent DNA and half of the new daughter DNA
How are two strand of DNA lengthened?
base pairingG
G pairs with..?
C
A pairs with…?
T
Why does one strand of DNA need to be copied in segments?
bc they only can be replicated in one direction
stem cells have the ability to divide many times while maintaining an unspecialized state
self-renewal
the ability to differentiate into specialized cells. Different types of stem cells have different levels of potency
potency
What are the two defining properties of stem cells?
self renewal and potency
phase where DNA is doubled (46 chrm to 96)
interphase
DNA condenses into individual chromosomes, and the nucleus break down
Prophase
the condensed chromosomes line up on the equate
metaphase
chromosomes get attached to fibers and begin to pull aprt
anaphase
when cells pinch into the cleavage furrow
Telophase
cells completely split
cytokenesis
Cell increases in size and makes the mRNA and proteins needed for DNA replication
G1
DNA replication, the chromosomes are duplicated
S (synthesis)
Rapid cell growth and protein synthesis. Cell prepares for mitosis
G2
Cytoplasm divides and the two cells separate
cytokenesis(level)
The green flourescent structures are
spindle fibers
Cella that no longer divide (such as certain specialized cell in the brain) stay in which phase of the cell cycle?
G0 phase
What do daughter cells following mitosis and cytokinesis do?
they are genetically identical to each other to parent cell
Unspecialized cells
stem cells
Capable of infinite renewal
stem cells
Inducible (chemical)
stem cells
Where does mitosis take place in animals?
somatic body cells: skin cells, bone Murrow cells
What model best explains the DNA replication process?
semi-conservative
Which genes cause error are involved in cancer
p53 & BRCA1
What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoint?
ro ensure that all cellular processes have been completed correctly before entering next phase
What is the key purpose of apoptosis?
to remove damaged or abnormal cells before they multiply
Where does mitosis in plants take place?
meristems: at tips of root and shoot out
How do multicellular organisms develop from a single cell?
through mitosis divides to produce more cells
What must occur for a cell to be produced?
DNA replication and Cell Division
What is involved at every step of DNA replication?
enzymes
How do enzymes work?
in one directon
What do enzymes exactly to in DNA replication?
proof read and correct any copying errors made
What is the purpose of the centromere?
keeps sister chromatids together in an organized way until they are separated before nuclear division
what is the first step of DNA replication?
unzip
what is the second step of DNA replication?
unwind
what is step three of DNA replication?
add nuclotoids
What is the fourth step of DNA replication?
add new double stranded DNA
Where does DNA replication occur?
in 5 prime to 3 prime location
In eukaryotes, DNA exists in the cell nucleus nd organized into what?
chromosomes
What does semi-conservative mean?
each chromatid contains haff the original parent DNA and half of the new daughter DNA
How are two strand of DNA lengthened?
base pairingG
G pairs with..?
C
A pairs with…?
T
Why does one strand of DNA need to be copied in segments?
bc they only can be replicated in one direction
stem cells have the ability to divide many times while maintaining an unspecialized state
self-renewal
the ability to differentiate into specialized cells. Different types of stem cells have different levels of potency
potency
What are the two defining properties of stem cells?
self renewal and potency
What theory states that all living things are composed of cells?
cell theory
What are major lipids in plasma membranes?
Phospholipids
What type of cell has both a nucleus and cell wall?
plant
What is a function of the plasma membrane?
to regulate traffic of chemicals in and out the cell
Can cell membranes self-repair?
true
Can Chloride ions cross the cell membrane passively?
No
What is biology
the study of life
build up of individual amino acids?
proteins
what does amino acids provide for proteins?
structure and nutrients
What does a virus contain?
genetic material (DNA or RNA)
macromolecules that carry and transmit genetic information in all living organisms?
nucleic acids
organic compounds that are carbon based and mostly non polar and hydrophobic?
Lipids
Lipids=?
fats
Are Hydrophobic?
non polar
hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
polar
organic compounds that serve as primary source of energy for living organisms?
carbohydrates