BIO 230 Exam #2 - Bradley University

bronchi

tube leading into lungs before dividing

lungs consist of

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels, ciliated cells

what is the purpose of surfactant

changes surface tension (breaks it up)

what happens when surfactant is removed

alveoli are more likely to collapse

when at an elevated level air is…

air is thinner and pressure is lower

when at a higher altitude, the percentage of O2

stays the same, but the pressure changes depending on location

total pressure

sum of all partial pressures

ideal gas law

relating the changes in pressure, volume, and temperature together

when pressure increases, volume…

increases

when volume increases, pressure…

decreases

pressure and temperature are…

proportional

higher pressure and higher temperatures in air will ______ the lungs

expand

high pressures and high temperatures expand the lungs and makes…

gas exchange easier

molecules are more spread out when…

at higher altitudes

gas exchange does not use…

active transport

what moves the molecules

differences in pressure

where do molecules typically want to go?

with a concentration gradient

as CO2 is leaving, O2 enters through

passive diffusion

when O2 needs to be picked up by hemoglobin, there is

resistance (flowing into the arteries)

CO2 is more ______

soluble

CO2 requires…

less pressure than oxygen

binding =

dissociation

blue oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

low pCO2, H+ temp, high pH

- acidic state and lower temperature does not make O2 bind with hemoglobin well

with a high pH, molecules can

still get the amount of O2 needed when in high demand

green oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

high pCO2, H+, temp, and low pH

- more O2 binding to hemoglobin

the green oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is helpful in the lungs because

they end up with a more alkaline environment

bronchodilation

- activates B-andregenic receptor to produce the B-subunit

- activates cAMP

- causes a cascade to block myosin light chain kinase

bronchoconstriction

- activated by the parasympathetic nervous system

- activates GTP --> cGMP

- activates PKG

- activates myosin light chain kinase

to get air into the lungs

the pressure needs to be changed (gently)

what works together to expand the chest

ribs and sternum

as the chest expands, the pressure in the lungs

decreases

when the chest expands, air will…

rapidly go into the lungs

inspiration

intercostals and diaphragm (pushes down the abdominal contents)

membrane on the outside of the lungs

visceral pleura

what is breathing controlled by

the brainstem

alkalosis

pH is too high in blood, more basic to get rid of CO2

acidosis

pH is too low in blood, more acidic to bring in more CO2

hypoxia

not taking in the adequate amount of air

barrel chest is seen with

asthma, COPD patients

- hard to remove CO2 (air remains in the lungs)

tidal volume

normal breathing

residual volume (RV)

volume needed to maintain airway/lung shape

arterial blood gas (ABG)

measures pH, HCO3, and O2/CO2 pressures

the ABG is done to test for…

alkalotic or acidotic state

obstructive lung disease

greater residual volume

- traps air

- narrowed airways

restrictive lung disease

compliance of the lungs is low

- prevent full expansion of lungs, decreasing overall volume (low tidal volume)

what type of lung disorder is sleep apnea?

obstructive

people with sleep apnea experience

- trouble breathing at night

- hypoxia

- acidosis (elevated CO2)

obstructive sleep apnea

- excess weight/hypermobile jaw

- breathing stopped by blocking of upper respiratory system

- uvula completely closes the airway

central sleep apnea

- impaired breathing due to issues with neural signaling for breathing during sleep

COPD

group of disease limiting air flow out, resulting in increased work of breathing

what mainly causes COPD?

smoking, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

what is the state of the alveoli in COPD patients?

more air pressure, with less volume of air

emphysema

- enlargement and destruction of alveoli

- chronic inflammation

- destruction of elastic fibers

- air trapping and increased air flow

bronchitis

- inflammation of bronchioles/bronchi

- air trapping and decreased air flow

- excessive mucus production

bronchitis has a more ______ airway

narrow airway

asthma

constriction of the bronchioles (smooth muscle around them)

process of asthma affecting a person

- neuroimmune reaction occurs (ACH releases a cascade)

- stimulates the cholinergic pathway (parasympathetic nervous system)

- MLCK gets activated and facilitates the contraction

contraction means

narrowing, harder to get air OUT

contractions could lead to

- high CO2

- hypoxia

- low binding of hemoglobin to O2

asthma meds can include doing things like

- steroids (decrease immune response)

- block the receptor

- block the synapse of the nerves

what type of lung disorder is cystic fibrosis

restrictive lung disease

smaller alveoli have _____ pressure needed to collapse

more pressure

are CF patients more likely to experience alkalosis or acidosis?

they are more likely to experience acidosis

how might moving Cl- affect Na+ and H20?

they move together, changes the ability of water moving because of high concentration

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

condition that can result from many different injuries such as injury, infection, irritants, and others

- treated similarly to COPD

Covid-19

- mutates quickly

- variable in its variants

- vaccines effective but can not keep up with speed of nutrients

pneumothorax

mediastinal shift to the RIGHT

function of the kidney

homeostasis

- filter blood

- removal of waste

- fluid regulation

- blood pressure regulation

- stimulate production of erythrocytes

- maintain pH balance

- activate vitamin D

- regulate blood sugar

- support the immune system

nephron

functional unit

afferent

going toward the glomerulus

efferent

going away from the glomerulus

journey of the blood

- renal artery

- arterioles

- nephron

- capillaries in the glomerulus

- afferent glomerulus

- efferent glomerulus

- peritubular capillaries

- renal vein

fenestrations

little holes in capillaries to form

how much does the kidneys filter per day

180-200 L a day

glomerulus

yarn ball of capillaries inside a capsule

podocyte

keeps everything in place

- creates selective barrier (small holes)

how much urine do the kidneys produce per day?

1.2 L of urine a day

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

120-125 mL/min

- use a difference in pressure to move CO2 and O2 out of the alveoli

more proteins in urine

proturia

more fluid goes towards the ______

proteins

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

relates to blood pressure

blood pressure

the pressure the blood exerts off the walls of the arteries

when the heart is contracting, pressure is

higher

when the heart is at rest, pressure is

less

systolic pressure measures pressure during _______ of the heart

contraction

diastolic pressure measures pressure during _______ of the heart

resting period

intrinsic

inside

myogenic mechanism

walls of arterioles are stretched due to high blood pressure

juxtaglomerular cells

has very similar effect as maculodensa

- next to the glomerulus

- produces + releases renin

renin acts on angiotencinagen

acts on angiotencinagen

intrinsic pathway GFR regulation step 1

angiotensinogen

intrinsic pathway GFR regulation step 2

renin comes in

- angiotensin I

intrinsic pathway GFR regulation step 3

ace inhibitor comes in

- angiotensin II

intrinsic pathway GFR regulation step 4

aldosterone

in intrinsic pathway GFR regulation step 3, angiotensin II leads to

1. vasoconstriction (high BP)

2. activates aldosterone

3. tubular reabsorption

RAS/RAAS stands for

renin angiotensin system / renin angiotensin aldosterone system

extrinsic pathway GFR regulation

smooth muscle in the vasculature acts opposite than smooth muscle in the respiratory system

parasympathetic + sympathetic cholinergic nerves

blood vessels will dilate

- acetylcholine

- smooth muscle contraction

sympathetic nerves

- norepinephrine

- smooth muscle contraction

ANP/BNP

extrinsic GFR regulation technique

- atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide

- promotes vasodilation (raise GFR)

- promotes natriuresis

- inhibit RAAS