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What happened in the aftermath of the Mahidist Revolt?
The death of the Mahdi in 1885 (after Gordon) led to Khalifia Abdullah taking control of Sudan as Gladstone never got involved in Sudan after the revolt.
He tried to bring the people of Sudan together he was unable to do this due to infighting, disease & famine.
Why did Britain shift their focus onto Sudan & Egypt in 1885 - 1890?
There was a change in Prime Minister from Gladstone to Salisbury
Salisbury believed Egypt was vital to the passage to India and wanted the reconquer at least parts of Sudan in order to keep the passage & Egypt secure
Salisbury was also worried about the interest of other European nations in Africa especially about French & German expansion inland in E.Africa
Why was Salisbury so worried about French & German movement in inland E.Africa?
He feared they waned to take control over the headwaters of the Nile which was vital for the welfare of Egypt.
What actions did Salisbury take to keep Britain’s rivals out of Egypt?
1890 - signed a treaty with the Germans where they agreed to take Tanganyika & Britain took Kenya & Uganda
Persuade French to concentrate on West Africa
However Italian expansion on the Red Coast Sea was seen as beneficial as it diverted the Khalifas attention away from the Sudan-Egypt borders.
Which event pushed Salisbury into starting a campaign in the Sudan?
Defeat of Italian forces on the Red Sea Coast border at Adowa by Ethiopian resistance in 1896 - attempt to seize Abyssina.
The diversionary help was lost as Khalifia Abdullah was no longer distracted by the Italians - this gave Salisbury the excuse for a British campaign in Sudan.
How was Salisbury’s plan for a campaign in the Sudan viewed in Britian?
It was welcomed in Britain as an opportunity to avenge the death of General Gordon in the Mahdist revolt.
What was the plan for the Sudan campaign?
General Sir Herbert Kitchener - Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Army (1896) - was given orders to penetrate Sudanese territory as far as Dongola.
What actually happened in the Sudan campaign?
Kitchener wanted to go beyond his orders and take Khartoum & conquer the whole region
He was successful in this at the Battle of Omdurman - 1898 - as he won due to heavy use of modern weaponry e.g. Maxim gun while his opponents were equipped with much older weaponry
Kitchener had been given sealed orders by Salisbury to open after defeating the Sudanese
This ordered him to go to Fashoda at the headwaters of the Nile where a French expedition under Marchland was occuring
Kitchener went and met Marchland & both pressed their country’s claims to Fashoda accusing the other of trespassing but the exchange wasn’t fiery
Fortunately for Salisbury the French gov was aware of the British army in Sudan & was distracted by internal problems so chose to back down
What were the consequences of the Sudan campaign?
Agreement with the French - 1899 - the French promised to stay out of the Nile Valley in return for territory further west.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan established - 1899 - agreement between Britain & Egypt that made it so that Sudan would be a condominium
this meant that in practice Sudan would be ruled by the British with Egyptian support
Kitchener was appointed the first Governor-General until 1902 where he was replaced by Wingate
How did the British press present the Sudan campaign?
The presented the Fashoda incident in 1898 as Britain & France being on the edge of war despite the fact that Marchland & Kitchener weren’t particularly fiery.
Kitchener’s campaign was also presented through only reports of imperial triumph even though there was struggle due to some poor strategy & that the living conditions of the majority Egyptian troops was appalling.
What did the British do in Somaliland as part of imperial consolidation?
Reinforced the Somaliland Protectorate with both administrative personnel & military personnel in 1898.
Why did Britain want to consolidate Somaliland & why is this significant?
They wanted to limit French & Italian ambitions in that area - significance/ influence of European countries as motivation for consolidation.
The thought the location was important since it commanded Britain’s crucial access to the Indian Ocean & colonies in Asia - shows significance of strategic factors in causing consolidation
What made the British become interested in South Zambesia?
The European discovery by the British that there was gold in the region and the fact that it neighbored the Transvaal led to Cecil Rhode’s British South Africa Company to establish mining concessions
This was followed up by a group of white settlers who were given permission by the gov to establish a protectorate.
Who were the people indigenous to South Zambesia?
Ndebele people - ethnically diverse nation who ruled from the capital city Bulawayo - led by King Lobengula.
The British discovery of gold in the region was obviously bad news for them.
How did the Ndebele people resist British colonisation of South Zambesia?
First Ndebele War - 1893-94 - Ndebele loss despite having 80,000 soldiers because of BSAC’s technological superiority with Maxim guns
This was not a total loss as King Lobengula was able to escape so resistance continued even as Rhodes tried to stamp his control over the area by naming it Rhodesia
Second Ndebele War - 1895-96 - another unsuccessful rising against colonial rule but led by Milmo a Ndebele spiritual leader - this is event is also remembered as First Chimurenga in Zimbabwe today
What were the actions carried out by the British in Nyasaland?
They sought control over Nyasaland - a small territory which had been opened up by Livingstone & settled by Scottish missionaries
However they faced Portuguese-backed Arab attacks so control wasn’t established here until 1891
Guerrilla warfare & natives resistance still occured on & off while the area was under BSAC control
Nyasaland became a protectorate in 1907
Why did the want for a British confederation of South Africa increase/ become more vigorous in the 1890s?
The quest advocated for by Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes & Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain was taken up with more vigour largely to counter German territorial gains & Boer confidence caused by the Transvaal’s gold wealth.
Which event happened in 1895 that gave an excuse for British intervention in the Transvaal?
1895 - the gold-seeking Uitlanders were being denied citizenship & voting rights by the Boer gov & so sought out the help of Cecil Rhodes.
This was because Rhodes was a very powerful figure of the Rand goldfield & it gave him the excuse to intervene in a very lucrative area.
What did Cecil Rhodes plan to happen in his intervention in the Transvaal?
The Uitlanders didn’t want to do a planned uprising against the Boer gov so Rhodes instructed Dr Jameson in Rhodesia to invade the Transvaal.
Rhodesia neighbored the Transvaal & Jameson was Rhode’s agent there
What actually happened in the British invasion of the Transvaal/the Jameson Raid?
The Jameson Raid - 1895 :
Easily defeated as only 500 mounted police were part of the “army”
Jameson was forced to surrender against Paul Kruger after only 4 days
What were the consequences of the Jameson Raid?
Jameson & 12 companions were sentenced to imprisonment by a British court
Rhodes was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Brought criticism etc to British gov despite no official support from them
Increased Boers’ determination to resist British intrusions
Kruger became the people’s hero to the Boers' & those still living the Cape Colony formed an anti-British Afrikaner Bond to show solidarity with Boers in the Transvaal
What is an Afrikaner?
the term that gradually replaced the use of Boer but meant the same thing of an Afrikaans speaking person living in S.Africa descended from Dutch settlers
What led to the Second Anglo-Boer War?
After the Jameson raid there wasn’t any major conflict because Chamberlain - Colonial Secretary - wanted to avoid war if at all possible.
But he also wanted to maintain British influence
However negotiations deteriorated in 1899 when the Boers anxious to attack before the British Army of South Africa could be reinforced, invaded British territory & took over Ladysmith in Natal.
What happened in the 2nd Anglo-Boer War?
There was initial Boer success 1899 - 1900
But the British poured in nearly 400,000 troops from across the empire & 250 million - advantage due to more resources & money from the empire
This led to British success from 1900 especially as they were led by Kitchener
The British were also very brutal with a scorched earth policy designed to remove civilian support & decimate supplies & shelter for civilians & soldiers
They also made concentration camps which held thousands of Afrikaner women, children & black African people - thousands of people died here due to disease etc
In 1902 the Boers are defeated.
What were the consequences of the Second Anglo-Boer War?
Peace of Vereeniging - May 1902 - Boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects, Boer republics become British colonies but with a promise of self government
Self government is only granted in 1905
1905 - Prime Ministers of Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony & Natal draw up a combined constitution for the Union of South Africa
1910 - Union of South Africa established as a single British Dominion territory with a single parliament through An Act of Union
How were Black Africans effected by the formation of the Union of South Africa?
The Black Africans who had supported the British during the war were given no protection from settler-colonial racism under the new union.
