Johnny UNLV KIN 224 Exam 3

(T/F) The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.

True

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A. Alveoli

B. Trachea

C. Larynx

D. Nasal cavity

E. Bronchi

A. Alveoli

Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

A. Sound reception

B. Gas exchange

C. Odor detection

D. Air passage

A. Sound reception

The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ___________ categorizations of the respiratory system. A. structural

B. functional

C. outdated

A. Structural

5. Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A. Oropharynx

B. Nasopharynx

C. Laryngopharynx

D. Oropharynx and nasopharynx

E. Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx

B. Nasopharyx

6. The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous. True or False?

True

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

B. simple cuboidal epithelium.

C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

D. stratified columnar epithelium. E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

B. Simple cuboidal epithelium

In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures. True or False?

False

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to increase or decrease?

Increase

Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins. True or False?

True

Mucin _______ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ______ of dust and dirt particles.

A. increases; trapping

B. decreases; flushing

C. increases; diluting

D. decreases; exocytosis

A. Increase; trapping

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

A. The air is cooled.

B. The air is humidified.

C. The air is cleansed.

D. The air is moistened.

E. The air becomes turbulent

A. The air is cooled

The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

D. Four

Another name for the nasal septum is the turbinate True or False?

False

Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering. True or False?

True

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

A. choanae

B. olfactory region

C. vestibule

D. respiratory region

E. nasopharynx

C. Vestibule

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A. vestibule.

B. concha.

C. vibrissa.

D. meatus.

D. Meatus

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

A. Sphenoid bone

B. Frontal bone

C. Ethmoid bone

D. Mandible

E. Maxilla

D. Mandible

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A. Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

B. Laryngopharynx and larynx

C. Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

D. Paranasal sinuses

E. Laryngopharynx and esophagus

A. Oropharynx Larygopharyx

Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx?

A. It houses the paired palatine tonsils.

B. It is located posterior to the oral cavity. C. It houses the lingual tonsils.

D. It houses the pharyngeal tonsil.

E. It extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

D. It houses the pharyngeal tonsils

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

A. Oropharynx

B. Nasopharynx

C. Laryngopharynx

B. Nasopharynx

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

A. elevation of the epiglottis.

B. elevation of the soft palate. C. depression of the hard palate.

D. closure of the nasal conchae. E. constriction of the esophagus.

B. Elevation of the soft palate

What structure is also known as the "voice box"? A. Larynx

B. Pharynx

C. Esophagus

D. Bronchus

E. Trachea

A. Larynx

What connects the pharynx to the trachea? A. Esophagus

B. Bronchi

C. Alveolar ducts

D. Larynx

E. Nasal cavity

D. Larynx

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

A. Esophagus

B. Bronchi

C. Pharynx

D. Nasal cavity

E. Larynx

E. Larynx

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs? A. Thyroid and corniculate

B. Corniculate and cricoid

C. Cricoid, corniculate, and arytenoid

D. Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid E. Arytenoid and epiglottis

D. Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have

A. more taut vestibular folds.

B. more air to push through the rima glottidis.

C. wider arytenoid cartilages.

D. shorter and fatter vestibular ligaments. E. longer and thicker vocal folds

E. Longer and thicker vocal folds

Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

A.

frequency; intrinsic

B.

frequency; extrinsic

C.

loudness; intrinsic

D.

loudness; extrinsic

A. Frequency; intrinsic

At the inferior end of the trachea is an internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage that initiates a cough reflex when it is stimulated; this structure is the __________.

Carina

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A. Trachea

B. Pharynx

C. Esophagus

D. Bronchioles

E. Alveolar ducts

A. Trachea

. Tracheal cartilages provide for _______ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

A.

flexibility; anterior

B.

flexibility; posterior

C.

rigidity; anterior

D.

rigidity; posterior

C. Rigidity; anterior

. What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

'A. The internal air pressure within the trachea

B. The surrounding muscles

C. The internal epithelium

D. The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

D. The C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

A. It lies superior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

B. It lies posterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

C. It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and inferior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

D. It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

E. It lies superior to the esophagus, superior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

D. It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

How long is the average trachea?

A. 12-14 inches

B. 12-14 cm

C. 12-14 mm

B. 12-14 cm

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A. Cuboidal epithelium

B. Simple squamous epithelium

C. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

D. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

E. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

E. pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Foreign particles

A. are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.

B. are more likely to lodge in the left primary bronchus.

C. lodge equally often in each of the two primary bronchi.

A. Are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

A. The right lung has two secondary bronchi and the left lung has three secondary bronchi.

B. The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

C. Each lung has two secondary bronchi. D. Each lung has three secondary bronchi. E. Each lung has four secondary bronchi.

B. The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the _________ bronchi.

Segmental

Relaxation of the smooth muscle within the walls of bronchioles leads to _______________.

Bronshadilation

Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways. True or False?

False

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A. Respiratory bronchioles

B. Alveolar ducts

C. Terminal bronchioles

D. Pulmonary alveoli

E. Alveolar sacs

C. Terminal bronchioles

Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear _________ in cross section.

A. enlarged

B. polygonal

C. stratified

D. circular

E. columnar

B. Polygonal

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A. alveolar type II cell.

B. alveolar type I cell.

C. alveolar macrophage.

D. dust cell. E. septal cell.

B. Alveolar type l cell

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

A. alveolar type II cell.

B. alveolar type I cell.

C. alveolar macrophage.

D. dust cell.

E. squamous alveolar cell.

A. Alveolar type ll cell.

Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

A. alveolar type II cells.

B. alveolar type I cells.

C. alveolar macrophages.

D. septal cells.

E. squamous alveolar cells.

C. Alveolar macrophages

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

A. Capillary endothelium

B. Fused basement membrane

C. Plasma membrane of Type I cell D. Plasma membrane of Type II cel

D. Plasma membrane of type ll cell

List, in order, the structures of the respiratory membrane that carbon dioxide must cross to move from the blood into an air sac of the lung.

The carbon dioxide must pass through the pulmonary capillary endothelium, then the fused basement membrane, then the squamous cell of the alveolar wall.

Which is not correct about the left lung? A. It is slightly smaller than the right lung. B. It has a cardiac impression.

C. It has a cardiac notch.

D. It has 2 lobes and 1 fissure.

E. It has an esophageal depression.

E. It has an esophageal depression

Each lung consists of a number of segments called

A. alveolar segments. B. bronchopulmonary segments. C. mesothelial segments.

D. pleural segments.

E. systemic segments.

B. Bronchopulmonary segments

The hilum of the lung

A. is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

B. is the point of exit of exhaled air.

C. is the point of entrance for inhaled air. D. is an elevated area through which the trachea, pulmonary vessels, and nerves pass.

E. serves to anchor all pulmonary structures to the mediastinum.

A. Is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

A. The left lung

B. The right lung

B. The right Lung

(T/F) The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation.

False

Bronchial arteries carry _________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A. oxygenated

B. deoxygenated

A. Oxygenated

Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from the ________ nerves.

vagus

10th cranial or

tenth cranial or

CN X

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in:

A. bronchoconstriction.

B. bronchodilation.

B. bronchodilation.

On each side of the chest, the _________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the __________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

A. thoracic; pulmonary

B. parietal; visceral

C. visceral; parietal

D. fibrous; serous

E. respiratory; pleural

B. parietal; visceral

The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural _________.

Cavity

The main function of serous fluid is to:

A. lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

B. improve adhesion of the lungs to the thoracic wall.

C. facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane.

A. lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are:

A. dissolved by enzymes in the alveoli.

B. coughed up during normal daily activities.

C. collected by lymph nodes.

D. carried away in blood.

E. stored in nearby pulmonary alcoves.

C. collected by lymph nodes

The lungs remain inflated because:

A. intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.

B. intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

C. intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure.

D. intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.

B. intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse.

False

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.

a: O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system.

b: O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation.

c: Cells use O2 and generate CO2.

d: CO2 is exhaled.

e: The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs.

A. a, b, c, d, e

B. b, a, c, d, e

C. b, a, c, e, d

D. c, e, d, a, b

E. e, d, c, b, a

(Letter C) b, a, c, e, d

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?

a: Thoracic cavity volume changes.

b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.

c: Air flows down its pressure gradient.

d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A. b, a, d, c

B. d, c, b, a

C. b, d, c, a

D. a, c, d, b

E. c, a, d, b

(Letter A) b, a, d, c

You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A.

The food presses on the bronchi, making air flow difficult.

B. The large quantity of food retards pulmonary blood flow.

C. Oxygen to the lungs is restricted due to fullness in the stomach.

D. A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

A. External intercostals

B. Scalenes

C. Transversus thoracis

D. Internal intercostals

E. Serratus posterior inferior

B. Scalenes

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A. External intercostals

B. Scalenes

C. Transversus thoracis

D. Internal intercostals

E. Serratus posterior inferior

A. External intercostals

Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation.

A. External intercostals

B. Scalenes

C. Transversus thoracis

D. Internal intercostals

E. Serratus posterior inferior

D. Internal intercostals

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _________ if the volume of its container increases.

A. increases

B. decreases

C. remains the same

B. Decreases

Air flows out of the body during expiration because:

A. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

B. intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

C. atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

D. intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

A. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the

A. brainstem.

B. midbrain.

C. cerebellum.

D. cerebral nuclei.

E. occipital lobe of the brain.

A. brainstem

What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration?

A. Pontine respiratory center

B. Ventral respiratory group

C. Dorsal respiratory group

D. Phrenic nucleus

B. Ventral respiratory group

At rest, a normal person breathes about _____ times per minute.

A. 8

B. 12

C. 26

D. 32

E. 50

B: 12

Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration.

A. Dorsal respiratory group

B. Ventral respiratory group

C. Pontine respiratory center

D. Medullary respiratory center

E. Carotid body

C. Pontine respiratory center

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid,

A. medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

B. medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

C. pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

D. the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase.

A. medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

The carotid bodies contain _________ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ________________.

A. peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

B. central; blood concentrations of H+, but not CO2 and O2

C. peripheral; cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of H+

D. central; cerebrospinal concentrations of CO2

E. peripheral; concentrations of carbon, dust, and pollution in the lungs

A. peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

A. Between the esophagus and the diaphragm

B. Between the trachea and the diaphragm

C. Superior to the larynx

D. Between the esophagus and the trachea

E. Between the larynx and the pharynx

D. Between the esophagus and the trachea

Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _________ nervous system.

A. somatic

B. autonomic

C. enteric

A. somatic

Which type of receptor initiates the inhalation (or Hering-Breuer) reflex?

A. Central chemoreceptors

B. Baroreceptors

C. Peripheral chemoreceptors

D. Proprioceptors

B. Baroreceptors

(T/F) The phrenic and intercostal nerves are made up primarily of autonomic nerves for smooth muscle control.

FALSE

Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a

A. pneumothorax.

B. tension hemothorax.

C. hemothorax.

D. cystic fibrosis.

A. pneumothorax.

Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and __________ related to resistance.

A. directly; directly

B. directly; inversely

C. inversely; inversely

D. inversely; directly

B. directly; inversely

(T/F) Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow

True

(T/F) If all else remains equal, an increase in the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure results in an increase in airflow.

True

Pulmonary fibrosis:

A. decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

B. increases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

C. decreases elasticity, thereby decreasing both resistance and airflow.

D. increases elasticity, thereby decreasing resistance and increasing airflow.

A. decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals:

A. increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

B. increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

C. expands the rib cage.

D. flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity.

E. stimulates the phrenic nerve.

B. increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a pulmonary ventilation rate of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare?

A. The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

B. The faster breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

C. Their alveolar ventilation rates are equivalent.

A. The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

An increase in dead space results in

A. increases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

B. decreases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.

C. a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

D. an increase in alveolar ventilation but a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.

E. a decrease in alveolar ventilation but an increase in pulmonary ventilation.

F. an increase in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

C. a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the

A. physiologic dead space.

B. anatomic dead space.

C. residual volume.

A. physiologic dead space.

The amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration is referred to as the _________ volume.

Residual

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

A. inspiratory reserve volume.

B. inspiratory capacity.

C. residual volume.

D. functional residual capacity.

A. inspiratory reserve volume.

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the

A. tidal volume.

B. functional residual capacity.

C. inspiratory reserve volume.

D. vital capacity.

E. forced expiratory volume.

B. functional residual capacity

Inspiratory capacity is greater than inspiratory reserve volume.

TRUE

The percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled during a specific time period is known as the

A. tidal volume.

B. alveolar ventilation.

C. forced expiratory volume.

D. maximal lung capacity rate.

E. pulmonary minute ventilation.

C. forced expiratory volume.

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be

A. inspired and then expelled in 1 minute.

B. expired in 1 second.

C. held within the lungs for over 30 seconds.

D. inspired in one breath (regardless of dead space).

A. inspired and then expelled in 1 minute.

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)?

A. Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

B. Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level.

C. Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level.

D. Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level.

A. Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

(T/F) When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure.

False

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen's partial pressure in the alveoli is

A. higher.

B. lower.

C. equivalent.

B. Lower

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A. The alveoli of the lungs

B. The blood circulating in systemic arteries

C. The systemic cells

C. The systemic cells

Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water,

A. it is easily dissolved in water and requires only a slight partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

B. it is easily dissolved in water and the partial pressure gradient is irrelevant to its solubilty.

C. it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

D. it is impossible to dissolve oxygen into water unless the partial pressure gradient is very minor.

C. it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called

A. ventilation.

B. systemic respiration.

C. internal respiration.

D. external respiration.

E. cellular respiration.

D. external respiration.