U.S. History: Westward Expansion, WWI, and Imperialism

Who benefitted/was harmed by Westward expansion

beneficial to white settlers and the United States government, who gained land, natural resources, and economic growth., it was devastating for Native Americans, who lost ancestral lands and their traditional way of life

industries/opportunities in the West

technology, energy, and agriculture, as well as strong sectors in manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and construction

Motives of American imperialism(West/abroad)

American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was driven by a combination of economic interests, military and strategic concerns, and ideological beliefs in American cultural and racial superiority.

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

Roosevelt's idea that while the United States should negotiate peacefully, it should also maintain a powerful military as a means of intimidation or as a backup if negotiations failed

Civil liberties during World War I

the U.S. government significantly restricted civil liberties through the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918

American neutrality/wartime dissent → know the leaders of the antiwar movement

william jennings, jane addams, eugene V. debs, all activist for anti-war, america was very anti-war

U.S. propaganda/homefront efforts

encouraging the purchase of war bonds, promoting conservation and rationing, and urging participation in war-related activities like working in factories

Warfare of WWI

trench warfare because of new, destructive technologies like machine guns and artillery, which made open-field assaults suicidal.

Wartime role of women

took factory jobs filling roles of men who left the assembly line for the front line, War split the suffrage movement as many were pacifists, Salvation Army & Red Cross depended on women volunteers who served as nurses & ambulance drivers

wartime roles of African Americans

almost 400,000 African Americans served in the U.S. military during World War I., They served in segregated regiments in the US Army and were often relegated to support duties such as digging trenches, transporting supplies, cleaning latrines, and burying the dead.

Wilson's 14 Points

set idealistic goals for peace, formed league of nations,

Treaty of Versailles

formally ended World War I, holding Germany responsible for the war and imposing harsh penalties including territorial losses,

Congress & the Treaty of Versailles

congress finds treaty unacceptable, they thought it was a ineffectual hyperidealistic, some in congress were completely against wilson's treaties and some were unimpressed, wilson refuses to make changes and the treaty is never ratified, so United states never joins league of nations

Wilsonian idealism/moral diplomacy

United States should promote democracy and moral principles abroad

Treaty of Versailles vs. the 14 points

U.S, britain, italy and france dominate the negotiations, wilsonian idealism vs. european imperialism: wilson points, put league of nations above anything else, compromises on his 14 Treaty of Versailles is vindictive, vs. 14 points is idealistic treaty contrasts very sharply with Wilson's ideas

Treaty of versailles major provisions

league of nations germany is left out, territorial loss, military restrictions, war guilt clause

War guilt clause

places sole responsibility of WW1 on Germany's soldiers and pay 33 billion dollars to the allies

Dawes Severalty Act

authorized the government to break up tribal lands by dividing them into individual plots for Native Americans

USS Maine

The USS Maine explosion was blamed on the spanish starting the Spanish- american war(1898)

Grange Movement

an organization founded in 1867 to advance the social and economic interests of farmers in the United States

Homestead Act

U.S. law that allowed citizens to claim up to 160 acres of public land for a small filing fee

Selective Service Act

required men to register for military service.

Conscription

mandatory military draft used by many countries in World War I to meet the demand for soldier

Committee on Public Information

The nation's first propaganda agency, formed by president wilson to influence public opinion to maximize support for the United States involvement in WW1.

Schenck v. United States supreme court case

debating the lack of civil liberties and unconstitutional things during war time, congress wins

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

Two laws, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WW1, goes against many rights in the first amendment, civil liberties taken away in the name of national security

Native American boarding schools

Native American boarding schools continued their mission of forced assimilation, but also became involved in the war effort through vocational training relevant to military needs, war-relief activities, and serving as recruitment grounds for the armed forces.

Zimmerman note

final thing that drives the U.S into war

Anti-Imperialist League

opposed this hypocritical move toward imperialism.

Arguments of the anti imperialism league

that imperialism violated consent of the governed (Declaration of Independence principles), Fear of foreign entanglements and labor competition, Racist objections to incorporating "inferior peoples."

Members of the anti-imperialism league

Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie & William Jennings Bryan

Open Door Policy

1899 notes sent to European powers agreeing to respect the ideal of "fair competition" → China not consulted & opposed this policy

League of nations

united states never joins which is why the league cannot prevent ww2

Teller Amendment

stated the United States would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War, vowing to leave the island's control to its people,art of the declaration of war against Spain and served to allay concerns about American imperialism

Platt Amendment

A series of provisions that in 1901 the United States insisted Cuba to pass to its new constitution. This commanded Cuba to stay out of debt and give the United States the right to intervene in the country

Isolationism

the United States' initial policy of neutrality and non-involvement in the European conflict

Sussex Pledge

promise made by Germany to the United States, during WWI, to stop its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare against passenger and merchant ships

War guilt clause

places sole responsibility of WW1 on Germany's soldiers and pay 33 billion dollars to the allies

Fort Laramie Treaty

established boundaries for Native American lands and regulated interactions with settlers

The "White Man's Burden"

That it is the moral, duty or burden Of white western nations to"civilize" and govern non-western peoples. Moral justification for imperialism and dehumanization

Annexation of Hawaii

After 1890 Mckinley Tariff, sugar lord planters asked for annexation, Revolt organized by white planters minority, deposed the queen, Annexed during Spanish American war out of fear the islands would be taken by Japan or another power

Teddy Roosevelt

Roosevelt served as the assistant secretary of the Navy under McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the successful naval war against Spain.

Woodrow Wilson

won election of 1916, kept America out of war as long as he could

Eugene V. Debs

socialist for anti-war

Jose Marti

primary goal of cuban independence "father of cuban independence"

Jane addams

activist for anti-war

Henry Cabot Lodge

he said to accept league of nations and 14 points they should change a bunch of stuff but Wilson refused. He is a reason why the U.S never joined league of nations.

Wounded Knee Massacre

in south dakota, conflict between the U.S. Army and Lakota Sioux, whereas the 1973 occupation involved Native American activists protesting against tribal and federal government policies.

Sand Creek Massacre

in Colorado massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars

Battle of Little Bighorn

in montana, the U.S. government's attempt to force Native American tribes onto reservations

Great Sioux War

resulted in the loss of land and autonomy for the Sioux tribes, forcing them onto smaller reservations and fundamentally altering their way of life. These conflicts also solidified a pattern of broken treaties and set a precedent for future U.S. policies of assimilation and control over Native Americans.

Spanish-American War

imperialism war, lasted 8 months, america won, america wants rights over cuba, guam portico and philippines

Philippine-American War

Philippines wanted independence independence from america after the americans help them overthrow spain, america won and stayed in the philippines

Construction of the Panama Canal

first attempted by France but abandoned due to disease and financial issues. The United States took over in 1904, eventually completing a lock-based canal by after overcoming challenges with malaria and yellow fever and engineering difficulties, The project resulted in a significant human toll

Election of 1920 (results)

people start to reject Wilsonian idealism, so republicans win(warren harding), first election women could vote, republican victory was a death sentence for the league of nations

Armistice Day

Germany's allies were deserting them, germany was starving because of blockade and germans were rioting war, Germany eventually surrendered by signing the armistice which ended the fighting

Chicago Race Riots

a series of riots that were a few days long, started over rising tensions between white people and black people because black people were migrating to the north,

Paris Peace Conference

concluded World War I by creating the Treaty of Versailles and other treaties for the defeated Central Powers, and it also addressed the aftermath of World War II through treaties with ex-Axis powers

Battle of St. Mihiel

the first major offensive led by an independent American army in World War I, demonstrating the U.S. military's growing capabilities and establishing its role as a major power

Great Migration

The large-scale movement of African Americans from the south to northern cities in the early 20th century.