MS 1 - Finals

What gender and socioeconomic group has a higher incidence of cancer?

Men and those in industrialized sectors and nations.

What are the four epidemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?

Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer.

According to Dr. Antonio Miguel Dans, what is the toll of NCDs on Filipino lives?

Killing 300,000 victims a year, 800 every day, and 33 every hour.

What are the common risk factors for NCDs?

Tobacco use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, harmful use of alcohol.

What is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines?

Cancer.

How many Filipinos are afflicted with cancer according to the University of the Philippines’ Institute of Human Genetics?

189 of every 100,000 Filipinos.

How many Filipinos die of cancer every hour?

Four Filipinos.

What year was the Philippine Cancer Control Program started?

1990.

What administrative order started the Philippine Cancer Control Program?

Administrative Order No. 89-A s. 1990.

When is National Cancer Consciousness Week in the Philippines?

January.

What is observed in May as per Philippine cancer awareness?

Cervical Cancer Awareness Month.

What is August designated for?

Lung Cancer Awareness Month.

How many deaths did cancer cause worldwide in 2020?

Nearly 10 million deaths.

What are the most common cancers in 2020 by new cases?

Breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate.

What cancers caused the most deaths in 2020?

Lung, colon and rectum, liver, stomach, breast.

What is cancer, according to WHO?

A large group of diseases with rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond boundaries and invade other organs.

What is metastasis?

The process where cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.

What are characteristics of cancer cells?

Out-of-control cell growth, abnormal proliferation, inability to commit apoptosis, pain, remission, exacerbation.

What is hyperplasia?

Tissue growth based on excessive cell division; potentially reversible.

What is metaplasia?

Conversion of one type of cell to another type not normal for that tissue.

What is dysplasia?

Bizarre cell growth differing in size, shape, and arrangement.

What is anaplasia?

Change in DNA and loss of differentiation.

What is neoplasia?

Uncontrolled cell growth, either benign or malignant.

What is the most outstanding risk factor for cancer?

Age.

What percentage of people diagnosed with cancer are over age 55?

Approximately 78%.

What is the single greatest cause of cancer-related deaths?

Tobacco.

What is associated with cancers of the mouth, larynx, esophagus, and liver?

Excessive alcohol intake.

Name a carcinogen that can cause cancer.

Asbestos, benzene, radiation.

Among nonsmokers, what are the most important modifiable risks of cancer?

Dietary choices and physical activity.

What is the ACS recommendation for daily vegetable and fruit servings?

Five or more servings.

What foods should be limited to reduce cancer risk?

Processed and red meats, alcoholic beverages.

How much physical activity should adults do weekly?

150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity.

What is chemoprevention?

Use of natural or synthetic substances to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

What dose of aspirin can decrease colorectal cancer risk?

At least 75 mg daily.

What vaccine prevents about 70% of cervical cancers?

HPV vaccine.

At what age is routine HPV vaccination recommended?

Ages 11 to 13 (may begin as early as age 9).

What is a Pap smear?

A procedure to remove cervical cells and examine them under a microscope.

What does a PSA test measure?

The amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood.

What is a mammogram?

An X-ray of the breast that helps detect cancer early.

What test uses barium and air to visualize the colon on X-ray?

Double-Contrast Barium Enema (DCBE).

What stool test detects hidden blood and uses plant-based guaiac?

GUAIAC Test.

What is a fine-needle aspiration (FNA)?

Technique in which cells are aspirated using a needle and syringe.

What is the gold standard for tumor diagnosis?

Biopsy.

What test determines DNA content and risk of recurrence?

Flow cytometry.

What blood markers are used in cancer diagnosis and monitoring?

CEA, PSA, CA15-3, CA125.

What surgery removes lesions at risk of developing into cancer?

Preventive/prophylactic surgery.

What is salvage treatment?

Extensive surgical approach for local recurrence.

What type of surgery attempts to relieve complications of cancer?

Palliative treatment.

What is the intent of chemotherapy?

Destroy as many tumor cells as possible with minimal effect on healthy cells.

What phase of the cell cycle is refractory to chemotherapy?

G0 (resting phase).

What phase includes DNA synthesis?

S phase.

What are common chemotherapy routes?

Oral, IV, IM, intrathecal, intra-arterial, intracavitary, intravesical, topical.

What is used to calculate chemotherapy dosage?

Surface area (mg/m²).

What gloves should be worn with chemotherapy drugs?

Powder-free nitrile, polyurethane, or neoprene gloves; double gloves recommended.

What kind of gown should be worn?

Disposable, lint-free gown with low-permeability fabric.

What mask provides adequate aerosol protection?

NIOSH-approved respirator (not a surgical mask).

When does alopecia usually begin?

2 weeks after administration.

What is mucositis?

Destruction of the oral mucosa causing inflammation and pain.

What is neutropenia defined as?

Absolute neutrophil count of 1,500/mm³ or less.

What ANC level presents the highest risk of infection?

Less than 500/mm³.

What platelet level is considered critical?

Below 10,000/mm³.

What is the goal of radiation therapy?

Deliver precise dose to tumor while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

What is teletherapy?

External beam radiation using a linear accelerator.

What is brachytherapy?

Radiation using seeds, wires, or catheters placed near the tumor.

What is hyperthermia?

Therapy using temperatures >41.5°C to destroy tumors.

What is the definition of infectious disease?

Diseases not transmitted by ordinary contact but require inoculation through a break in skin/mucosa.

What is a fomite?

Inanimate object that can carry infection (e.g., table, beddings, toys).

What does "endemic" mean?

Constant presence of a disease in a geographic area or group.

What is the "chain of infection"?

A model that explains steps in transmission of infection.

What are the two main types of transmission?

Direct and indirect.

What is airborne transmission?

Spread through droplet nuclei

What is a vectorborne transmission?

Spread by arthropods like mosquitoes or ticks.

What is colonization?

Microorganisms present without symptoms or interaction with host.

What is latency?

Time when microorganism lives in host without symptoms.

What is pathogenicity?

Ability of pathogen to produce disease.

What is virulence?

Degree of pathogenicity/severity of infection.

What is nosocomial infection?

Infection acquired in a hospital not present at admission.