mods 26-27

learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate (expect) events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher (Associate)

observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

cognitive learning

form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation (learn things we never experienced)

assosiative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

how do positive associations factor in learning

We tend to connect positive events when they occur in sequence.

associations lead to..

habituation and habits

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

response

a reaction to a stimulus

respondant behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Ian Pavlov

Discovered classical conditioning (salivating dogs)

unconditioned response

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) like food

high-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

example of higher-order conditioning

an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

extinction

when an unconditioned stimulus doesnt follow a conditioned stimulus… they lose response

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

example of generalization

a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher and lower pitch.

discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Watson

Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy

T/F Albert generalized fear reaction to other things like rabbits, dogs, and coats

true

B.F. Skinner

Skinner was behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure. Work elaborated on Law of Effect

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

Thorndike experiment

fish reward to entice cats to find their way out of a puzzle box

Thorndike principles

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

Skinner experiment

Operant Chamber (skinner box) designed so that a food magazine could automatically drop a few pellets of food into a tray. After a rat became accustomed to the noise of the action of the food magazine and readily ate from the tray. Skinner installed a lever ; thereafter food fell into the tray only when the rat pressed the lever. Under these conditions, the rate of lever pressing increased dramatically.

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Primary reinforcers

-Innately reinforcing stimuli that satisfy a biological need (food, water)

conditioned reinforcers

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer (money, good grades..)

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement example

Every time Johnny raises his hand he is rewarded with a sticker

partial (intermittent) reinforcement example

the paycheck at the last day of the week

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as money. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

ex of positive reinforcement

Stacy receives stickers (positive reinforcement) whenever she uses the restroom
properly. so she will keep using it correctly

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

ex of negative reinforcement

Todd WON'T have to do the garbage if he cleans his room

positive punishment

the ADDING of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

ex of positive punishment

parking ticket- decreases likelyness of speeding again

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

ex of negative punishment

taking away phone to stop a behavior

fixed ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus