AP Human Geo Unit 7

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes.

Industrial Revolution

Facilitated improvements in standards of living but contributed to geographically uneven development.

Industrialization

Began as a result of new technologies and was facilitated by natural resources, causing food supplies to increase, populations to grow, and encouraged rural to urban migration.

Economic Sectors

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary, have distinct development patterns.

Factors Influencing Manufacturing Location

Labor, transportation (including shipping containers), break-of-bulk point, least-cost theory, markets, and resources.

GDP, GNP, GNI per capita

Social and economic measures of development.

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

Includes reproductive health, indices of empowerment, labor-market participation.

HDI (Human Development Index)

A composite measure intended to show spatial variation among states in levels of development.

Microloans

Have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A theory that helps explain spatial variations in development.

Wallerstein’s World System Theory

A theory that helps explain spatial variations in development.

Dependency Theory

A theory that helps explain spatial variations in development.

Complementarity and comparative advantage

Establish the basis for trade.

Neoliberal Policies

Including free trade agreements, have created new organizations, spatial connections, and trade relationships such as the EU, WTO, Mercosur, and OPEC, that foster greater globalization.

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

An international lending agency.

Outsourcing

Has led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries.

Special Economic Zones, Free-Trade Zones, Export Processing Zones

New manufacturing zones that have emerged in countries outside the core.

Post-Fordist Methods of Production

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Multiplier Effects

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Economies of Scale

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Agglomeration

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Just-In-Time Delivery

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Growth Poles

Transformed the contemporary economic landscape.

Sustainable Development Policies

Attempt to remedy problems stemming from natural resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change.

Ecotourism

Tourism based in natural environments-- often ones threatened by looking industrialization or development--that frequently helps protect that environment and provide jobs in the local population.

UN’s Sustainable Development Goals

Help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects.