chapter 8: section 4 + 3 - CHURCH HISTORY (methvin)

who was the US founded by?

lots of protestants with post enlightenment liberal ideas

what did the founders of the US (protestants with post enlightenment liberal ideas) create?

problems for Catholics that have never been encountered before

what was george calvert a member of?

british parliament

what happened once george calvert converted to catholicism?

he was granted permission to establish a colony free from persecution of Catholics in America

who settled in southern maryland upon george calvil's arrival to america?

his son, cecil

what did george calvert's grandson, leonard calvert, press for?

the maryland toleration act of 1649, affording religious liberty to Catholics in Maryland

what happened in 1654 to catholics in maryland?

all religious and voting rights were stripped from them until 1776

who was the first bishop of the US?

fr. john carroll

where was fr. john carroll from? where did he study?

- from: maryland

- studied: france

what type of priest did fr. john carroll become? what did he do after this?

- became: a jesuit priest

- after: returned his ministry to America right before the American revolution (during the reign of terror)

what did fr. john carroll combat and establish?

- combated: lay trusteeism

- established: several schools

why did the catholics not want a foreign bishop for the US?

because they feared having a foreign bishop appointed by the Pope might lead to suspicion about their loyalty to the new republic

what did the american priests send to pope pius VI regarding the issue of bishops?

a petition asking the pope to allow the american priests to choose a bishop

what did pope pius VI do in response to the american priests' petition?

he allowed it, but they must get the bishop approved by the pope for confirmation

what was a major issue that fr. john carroll faced?

the need for priests who could speak the language of the immigrants

(some of the french missionaries who worked on the frontier still didn't speak english)

how did fr. john carroll start to implement the english language into the Church?

he adopted an american style, with commitment to democracy and the separation of church and state

what had the catholic church in america grown to from the end of the revolution to the time of carroll's death in 1815?

30,000 --> 200,000

what did the growing catholic population establish communities in?

new locales, away from the traditional catholic strongholds of philidelphia and baltimore

what 2 schools did fr. john carroll establish?

georgetown college in dc + st. mary's seminary in baltimore

what type of bishop did the catholics want in the united states?

a native one

(not foreign)

what caused the number of priests to increase in sixfold while fr. john carroll was bishop?

seminaries

what was one religious order that saw a dramatic growth during the time fr. john carroll was bishop?

women's religious orders

what 2 different groups established covenants in all parts of the united states while fr. john carroll was bishop?

europeans and natives

what did religious sisters start to run when catholicism was first starting to grow?

- schools

- orphanages

- hospitals

lay trusteeism

lay parishioners assumed numerous duties within the administration of their parishes like naming and dismissing their parish's pastor

what ended the practice of lay trusteeism?

the first provincial council of baltimore (1829)

what were the 3 phases of catholicism in america?

- republican

- immigrant

- evangelical

republican phase of catholicism

catholics were trying to show the world that they could be catholic AND american, thus they adapted a "separation of church and state" approach

(don't have to give up on one belief to hold on to the other's --> could be catholic AND american)

immigrant phase of catholicism

catholics coming to america struck together with other catholics fromt heir country and didn't venture outside of their ethnic group b/c they were scared

evangelical phase of catholicism

catholics finally felt accepted and that they could share the fact that they were catholic

what were people like before the evangelical phase of catholicism?

they were unwilling to speak out, talk about, or share their faith and hide that they were catholic

what cause the catholics to become more outspoken?

the election of JFK (the first catholic president) and the success of vatican II

why did the irish catholics come to the united states? how many were there?

- b/c of the irish potato famine

- about 1 million

how many german catholics came to the united states?

about the same amount as the irish (1 million)

how many italian and eastern european catholics came to the united states? when did they come over?

- more than 2 million

- the first decades of the 20th century

why did the germans often resent the english-speaking priests (most of whom were irish)?

because of the large numbers of irish catholic immigrants that preceded the germans and established their native language

have the ethnic parishes in the US increased or decreased over time?

increased

what did ethnic parishes do for many people?

- served as a center of social life for immigrants

- provided an opportunity for worship in a familiar language

what ethnic groups did most major cities have?

- german

- polish

- italian

- irish

what did ethnic parishes provide for the community?

a sense of continuity from the old country

what did the rapid growth of catholics via immigration do?

posed challenges for assimilating people into the culture

what feuds started as a result of anti-catholicism in america?

- use of protestant bibles in public schools

- burning of convents

- riots

- destruction of Church property

what type of literature was produced from the anti-catholicism period in america?

venomous anti-catholic literature

what was founded to counteract anti catholic bigotry?

u.s. catholic miscellany

why was the american protective association formed?

- to restrict Catholic immigration

- make the english language a requirement for US citizenship

- remove catholics from teaching in public schools + participating in public office

know nothings

an anti-catholic political group that spread hate and violence

nativism

anti-catholic movement in which preference in social, employment, and political matters was given to protestant americans who had been in the US for multiple generations, as opposed to Catholics who had immigrated more recently

what specific groups did the KKK target during the 20s?

- african americans

- jews

- catholics

who ran for president in 1928 and lost because he was catholic?

al smith

who was the 1st catholic president? why did he win regardless of his faith?

- john f. kennedy (jfk)

- he said that he wouldn't let his religion dictate how he would run the country