FNR 24150 Herps Final Exam

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Why did amphibians move to land?

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1

Why did amphibians move to land?

- Unexploited food and niches - aquatic niches occupied
- Lack of large terrestrial predators
- Low O2 in warm water - unlimited O2 on land

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2

What are the three main diversifications of reptile and amphibian phylogeny? When did they begin to diversify?

Ichthyostega - Paleozoic Devonian
Leptospondyli - Paleozoic Carboniferous
Temnospondyli - Paleozoic Carboniferous

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3

What was the name of the radiation that created the groups of amphibians we see today? When was it?

Lissamphibians
Late Permian in Paleozoic to Mesozoic

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4

What is the most remarkable feature of Tiktaalik?

front pair of fins with wrist like structure

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5

Which fossil was the 1st tetrapod with proper neck, enabling increased flexibility during short bouts on land?

Tiktaalik

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6

Which fossil is called the "roof fish"?

Ichthyostega

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7

Describe Eryops

crocodile-like early amphibian

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8

Which fossil had a boomerang head?

Diplocaulus

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9

Which fossil is called "frogmander"?

Gerobatrachus

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10

What were some characteristics of Gerobatrachus?

2 fused ankle bones, backbone intermediate, large tympanum (external ear), wide frog-like scull

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11

When did the splitting between frogs and salamanders occur?

240-275 MYA

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12

Which fossil is called "proto frog" and was the 1st fossil frog?

Triadobatrachus

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13

Which fossil is the earliest true frog?

Vieraella

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14

List some differences between Vieraella and Triadobatrachus?

Triadobatrachus - sacral vertebrae, small pelvis, tibia and fibula separate, 13-14 presacral vertebrae

Vieraella - urostyle (fused sacral vertebrae), large pelvis, tibiofibula (fused), 9 presacral vertebrae

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15

What are some characteristics of Paleobatrachus?

- Completely aquatic, inhabited swamp basins
- Volcanic gasses preserved soft tissue
- Resembles present day Xenopus - African clawed frog

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16

Salamanders mostly use which kind of fertilization?

internal

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17

Which groups of salamanders do not have internal fertilization?

Sirenidae and Cryptobranchidae

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18

What is the defining characteristic of Sirenidae?

Lacks hinds legs

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19

Why is Sirenidae considered paedomorphic?

all stages aquatic, adults have external gills

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20

Describe the habitat of the lesser siren.

shallow water, swamps, ditches, ponds

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21

What are the 3 species of Cryptobranchidae? List them largest to smallest

Chinese giant salamander
Japanese giant salamander
Hellbender

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22

Why are Cryptobranchidae considered paedomorphic?

paddle-like tail and aquatic

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23

Describe the habitat of the hellbender.

cold, fast-moving rivers and streams

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24

What species are under Proteidae?

Mudpuppies

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25

How are Proteidae paedomorphic?

External gills and fully aquatic

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26

Describe the habitat of the mudpuppy.

rivers, streams, lakes; usually concealed under rocks and debris

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27

What species are under Ambystomidae?

mole salamanders

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28

Describe the habitat of the mole salamanders.

hide under rocks/logs/burrows in summer and winter
aggregate pond breeders

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29

Describe aggregate pond breeding

- Migrate in hundreds to ponds, congregate in large numbers
- Rain and temp stimulates migration
- Males outnumber females 2:1
- Breeding occurs over short period of time (4-5 days)

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30

What is the largest family of salamanders? What portion of salamanders are in this group?

Plethodontidae
2/3 all species of salamanders are in this family

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31

What is a defining characteristic of Plethodontidae?

Nasolabial grooves - run from nostril to lip, found only in this family

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32

Which salamander family has direct development?

Plethodontidae

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33

Describe the habitat of the plethodontid salamanders.

Diverse - can be terrestrial, partly aquatic, fully aquatic, or arboreal

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34

What species are in the Salamandridae family?

Newts

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35

Define aposematic coloration. Which species of salamander has this?

bright color to advertise toxicity

Newts (Salamandridae)

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36

Which family of salamanders has tetradotoxin and an unken reflex?

Salamandridae (newts)

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37

Define tetradotoxin

non-protein toxin used for chemical defense in newts

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38

Define unken reflex

posturing to advertise toxicity and highlight areas with more skin secretions (tail)

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39

Describe the habitat of the newt.

forest settings, shelter under logs/leaves/rocks

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40

Name and describe the additional life stage of Salamandridae species

Red eft

- Only terrestrial life stage
- Lasts 2-3 years then reach sexual maturity, migrate back to pond and become aquatic
- More active during the day (diurnal) so bright colors show up in daylight

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41

List some differences between frogs and toads

Frogs: smooth skin, longer hind legs, leapers
Toads: rough skin, shorter hind legs, jumpers

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42

List and describe the 4 types of Anuran calls

- Advertisement calls - males call to females during breeding
- Aggressive calls - resident males give to approaching males
- Courtship calls - between male and female in close proximity
- Release calls - when being attacked to startle predator

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43

Which type of fertilization is most common in Anurans?

External

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44

What is the defining characteristic of the Scaphiopodidae family?

Circular/sickle shaped hardened keratinaceous structure on each hind foot, forms spade

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45

Why is the Scaphipodidae family considered transitional between frogs and toads?

somewhat warty skin, smooth skin somewhat resembles frog

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46

Describe the habitat of spadefoot toads.

tropical forest floors, burrow rear-first into soil, spend most of year in estivation, temporary ponds to breed

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47

What species are under Hylidae?

Tree frogs

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48

What is the defining characteristic of Hylidae?

toe pads

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49

Describe the habitat of a tree frog.

most arboreal, some aquatic, some fossorial; return to water to breed

savannas, woodlands, floodplain forests

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50

What species are under Bufonidae?

Toads

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51

Describe the Bidder's organ. Which family of Anurans has this?

vestigial ovary on larval testes
Bufonidae

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52

Which group of Anurans has prominent parotid glands?

Bufonidae

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53

Describe the habitat of bufonidae.

terrestrial or fossorial, return to water to breed, found in almost every habitat

burrow to avoid freezing and dry conditions

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54

Which species are under Ranidae?

True frog

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55

What are some characteristics of Ranidae?

- Dorsal-lateral skin folds around tympanum and down back
- Webbed hind feet

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56

Describe the habitat of ranidae.

mainly aquatic, some fossorial, arboreal, terrestrial; inhibit all types of aquatic systems

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57

When did reptiles begin evolving? Why?

- 320-310 MYA in Carboniferous within Paleozoic era
- Drought, arid climate caused reptilian adaptations
- Started proliferating in Permian

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58

List some structures that reptiles evolved

- Increasing brain size (cerebrum and cerebellum)
- More effective jaw
- Skeletal structure improved
- Skin tough, covered with scales
- Well developed lungs allow for increased body size
- AMNIOTE EGG

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59

What is the most important difference between reptiles and amphibians?

Amniotic egg (shelled egg)

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60

What are the 3 main groups of reptile evolution? What did they evolve into?

Synapsids - mammals
Diapsids - birds, crocodilians, dinosaurs, snakes, and lizards
Anapsids - turtles

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61

Describe Casineria

- Resembled small lizards, but mix of reptile and amphibian characteristics
- Salamander like head
- Claws (not amphibian characteristic)

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62

Which fossil was the first to develop amniotic egg?

Casineria

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63

Why is Hylanomus important?

- Perhaps earliest known reptile
- Among 1st amniotes

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64

Which era was the age of reptiles?

Mesozoic

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65

Which group of Diapsids are the "ruling reptiles"?

Archosauromorphs

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66

What do Archosauromorphs evolve into?

crocodilians and birds

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67

Which groups of Diapsids evolve into lizards and snakes?

Lepidosauromorphs

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68

What do Anapsids evolve into?

turtles

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69

What do Synapsids evolve into?

mammals

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70

What is the defining characteristic of Odontochelys?

toothed shell and teeth on lower and upper jaw

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71

What is the most well known turtle fossil?

Proganochelys

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72

Which turtle fossil was called "ruling turtle" and could get up to 12 feet?

Archelon

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73

What is one thing that is unique about the evolution of turtles?

body plan has not changed much over millions of years

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74

Define temperature dependent sex determination

- location and depth of clutch will determine sex of embryo

- Higher temps = more males (depends on species, sometimes swapped)
- Lower temps = more female
- Intermediate temp = 1:1 ration of males to females

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75

T/F: All chelonians lay eggs

true

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76

What species are under Chelydridae? Defining characteristics?

snapping turtles

spiny shells and tails, reduced plastrons, fully aquatic

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77

What species are under Kinosternidae? Defining characteristics?

mud and musk turtles

glands that produce musky odor

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78

What species are under Emididae? Defining characteristics?

basking, marsh, box turtles

long lives, diverse body size/shape

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79

What species are under Trionchidae? Defining characteristics?

soft-shelled turtles

no bony carapace, genetic sex determination

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80

Define genetic sex determination

not changed by temperature, have sex chromosomes

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81

What are some defining characteristics of lizards?

movable eyelids, external ear openings

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82

What species are under Phrynosomatidae? Defining characteristics?

spiny lizards

have spines but wide range of morphology

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83

Describe basking

- bask from 8:30-9:00 in the morning to abt 11:00
- active foragers, quick moving

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84

What species are under Anguidae? Defining characteristics?

glass or alligator lizards

legless, osteoderms, automize tail

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85

Define osteoderms

bony plates under scales; makes them stiff and shiny

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86

What species are under Teiidae? Defining characteristics?

whiptails and racerunners

can move very fast, some parthenogenic, automize tail

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87

What species are under Scinidae? Defining characteristics?

skinks

osteoderms, automize tail

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88

What is the largest lizard family?

Scinidae

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89

What are some defining characteristics of snakes?

Legless, immovable eyelids, no external ears, Jacobson's organ, degenerative/nonexistent left lung

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90

Describe the Jacobson's organ in snakes

6th sense from tongue flicking

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91

What species are under Viperidae? Defining characteristics?

pit vipers

venomous, loreal pit organ on face

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92

What species are under Natricidae? Defining characteristics?

water snakes

associated with aquatic environments

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93

When does brumation occur?

during cold weather

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94

When does estivation occur?

during hot, dry weather

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95

Define exothermic

Primary heat sources is external

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96

Define endothermic

Primary heat source internal

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97

What is the limiting factor that affects the distribution of herps?

temperature

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98

What are the 3 ways heat exchange occurs in ectotherms?

- Radiation - heat from sun
- Convection - air temperature
- Conduction - surface temperature

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99

T/F: Smaller animals lose/gain heat more rapidly.

True

surface area to volume ratio is greater in smaller animals

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100

Define ATR

Activity Temperature Range

temps in which an ectotherm can operate

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