HBS 2.1

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

phospholipid image

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

Water fearing

Sodium wants to move what way during action potential?

outward

Potassium wants to move what way during action potential?

inward

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

action potential image

How many potassium ions move through the pump at once?

2

How many sodium ions move through the pump at once?

3

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

The sodium-potassium pump maintains a higher _________ concentration outside the cell.

Sodium

The sodium-potassium pump maintains a higher _________ concentration inside the cell.

Potassium

Resting Potential

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

sodium during resting potential

outside

potassium during resting potential

inside

during resting potential it is ______ on the inside

negative

during resting potential it is ______ on the outside

positive

depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

depolarization graph

repolarization graph

sodium channel

A protein channel in the nerve cell membrane that controls the movement of sodium ions into the cell. At rest, no sodium is flowing into the nerve cell. Passive transport.

potassium channel

A protein channel in the nerve cell membrane that controls movement of potassium ions out of the cell. Passive transport.

depolarization steps

sodium moves inward with open gates making inside positive and outside negative

repolarization steps

potassium moves outward making inside negative again and outside positive again

hyperpolarization

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

hyperpolarization graph

action potential is...

electrical

presynaptic cell

The transmitting neuron in a synapse.

postsynaptic cell

The neuron, muscle, or gland cell that receives the signal from a neuron.

presynaptic cell image

neurotransmitter

chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

synaptic cleft image

receptor protein

a protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond

synaptic vesicles

Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept.

synaptic vesicle image

synaptotagmin

A specialized protein that responds to calcium ions to trigger vesicular exocytosis.

SNAP and SNARE proteins

proteins that allow neurotransmitters to exit the vesicle and into the synaptic cleft

SNAP and SNARE proteins image

reuptake channel

when neurotransmitters are reabsorbed they enter via reuptake channel

reuptake channel image

G

vesicular transporter

Channel located on a vesicle that allows passage of neurotransmitters

serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

dendrite image

neuron body

contains nucleus and organelles

neuron body image

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

axon image

nucleus neuron

Control center of the cell

nucleus neuron image

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

myelin sheath image

node of ranvier

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

node of ranvier image

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

axon terminal image

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

synapse image

soma

cell body

terminal buttons

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

terminal buttons image

multipolar neuron

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

Multipolar type

motor neurons

multipolar image

bipolar neuron

a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end

bipolar image

unipolar neuron

A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.

unipolar type

sensory neuron

pseudounipolar neurons

have a single short process that branches like a T to form a pair of longer processes

pseudounipolar image

pseudounipolar type

sensory neuron

sensory neurons are found where?

eyes, spinal cord, and through the body

interneurons are found where?

between sensory and motor neurons

motor neurons are found where?

connecting to muscles

sensory neurons go where?

towards CNS

motor neurons go where?

away from CNS

Dendrites of sensory neurons connect to?

sensory receptors (ex skin)

Dendrites of interneurons connect to?

sensory axon ends

Dendrites of motor neurons connect to?

interneuron

Axon terminals of sensory neurons connect to?

dendrites of interneuron

Axon terminals of interneurons connect to?

dendrites of a motor neuron

Axon terminals of motor neurons connect to?

muscle, organ, neuromuscular junction, ect.

What direction does the signal move in a neuron?

dendrites ---> axon terminals

experimental research

This branch of research is sometimes referred to as basic medical research and includes animal experiments, cell studies, biochemical, genetic, and physiological investigations, and studies on the properties of drugs and materials.

clinical research

This branch of healthcare science determines the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis, or for relieving symptoms of a disease.

neuron image

glial cell image