lecture 10; population and the environment

demography

the scientific study of population

crude birth rate

annual number of live births per 1000 people in a population

total fertility rate

average number of children born alive to any women

replacement level fertility

the number of children that each woman must have on average for population size to remain stable, ignoring migration

crude death rate

annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of infants under one year of age, per 1000 live births in a year

life expectancy

average number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions

growth rate

the difference between briths and deaths plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants

population pyramid

a bar chart that distributes the population by gender and age

median age

the age at which half the population falls above it and the other half falls below it

Malthusian Trap (1798)

the worlds population is growing more than available food supply, to control growth we need positive and preventative checks

neo-marxist look at population growth

international capitalist enterprises manipulate the food supply, citizens of develiping countries provide cheap labour for capitalists in developed countries

urban sociology

a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city

urbanization

the growth of towns and cities, often at the expense of rural areas as people move from the countryside to urban areas

functionalism and human ecology

natural environment serves three basic functions for humans

1. essential resources

2. waste repository

3. houses our species

treadmill of production

capitalism increases the demand for new goods in order to survive at the expense of the environment

environmental racism

environmental policies and practice's that result in disproportionate exposure among communities with a large racialized population

eco-feminism

alliance between the environmental movement and the feminist movement

demographic transition theory

charts how societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility to high mortality to a postmodern regime of low fertility and low mortality

immigration

the inflow of people into a country from another

emmigration

the outflow of people from one country and their settlement in another

second demographic transition theory

a theory that suggests that modern societies are undergoing a transition characterized by sustains=ed below-replacement fertility, with no return to a stationary population (where births are balanced by deaths)

post-materialism

a theory proposed by Inglehart that suggests once societies are able to meet survival based needs, their priorities turn toward higher order needs such as autonomy and self-expression

urban centres

settlements wit a minimum of 50 000 inhabitants plus a population density of at least 1500 ppl/km

urban clusters

settlements with at least 5000 inhabitants and a population density of at least 300 ppl/km

urban heat island effect

occurs when the temperature in urban areas is higher than it is in outlying areas

biotechnology

the modification of biological processes, organisms, or systems for human purposes

environmental justice

advocating the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people