Georgia Studies Milestones Review

What is the oldest prehistoric culture that was found in Georgia? They were very nomadic and hunted with spears.

Paleo

What two regions does the Fall Line divide?

Piedmont and Coastal Plain

The Savannah River forms a border with which state?

South Carolina

What provides the majority of drinking water for Metro Atlanta?

Chattahoochee River

What purpose do the barrier islands serve?

The beaches protect the mainland from damaging winds, erosion and water.

What is the largest inland freshwater wetland in Georgia?

Okefenokee Swamp

Why did pioneers first choose to settle along the fall line?

Available Hydropower This is NOT HYDROELECTRIC power...hydropower just refers to using water (which was moving quickly around the fall line) to turn a waterwheel that then moved machinery to complete tasks (Cotton Gins, Textile Mills, Corn/Wheat Mills)

What river forms a portion of Georgia's Western border with Alabama?

Chattahoochee River

What physical feature contributes to the relatively high amounts of rainfall enjoyed by people in extreme northeast Georgia?

Appalachian Mountains

What river crossing resulted in a town to grow up around it's crossing by the Western & Atlantic Railroad en route from Chattanooga, TN. to Savannah, GA.?

The Chattahoochee River

Which physical feature in Georgia is home to the largest variety of wildlife?

Okefenokee Swamp

Which region of Georgia has the largest population?

Piedmont

Which region of Georgia is well known for its red clay?

Piedmont

In which region of Georgia can you find the Okefenokee Swamp?

Coastal Plain

What is the only region of Georgia that contained coal (a fossil fuel)?

Appalachian Plateau

Where in Georgia can you find all of the 78 miles of the Appalachian Trail that are in our state?

Blue Ridge

Where in our nation is Georgia located?

Southeast

Horticulture

The ability to control one’s food source. Provided Mississippian Indians with the “gift of time” and ability to develop a more sophisticated society.

In what two Hemispheres is Georgia Located?

North

West

Which states border Georgia?

Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina

Which region of Georgia is well known for the textile manufacturing?

Valley and Ridge

Which of Georgia's regions include parts of the Appalachian Mountains?

Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge and Valley, Appalachian Plateau

***All three regions listed are part of the Appalachian Mountain chain

Examples of how horticulture helped Mississippians develop a more sophisticated society.

Temple mounds, palisades, pottery, jewelry, games like lacrosse

What strategy did Martin Luther King, Jr. use to encourage social change?

Nonviolent protest, Nonviolence, or Civil Disobediance

Jimmy Carter

The only President of the United States from the state of Georgia Elected in 1976, served from 1977-1981 From Plains, Georgia Former peanut farmer

1996 Olympics

In Atlanta (but events all over state and Southeast) Summer Olympic games Brought recognition and prestige to Atlanta Terrorist bombing/Centennial Park bombing took place during games, killing 2

Profit

Income - Expenses = Profit

Headright System

* Land Distribution system first used to give away land and help populate Georgia.

* In place from 1733-1790

* If you qualified (were considered the HEAD of a household), you had the RIGHT to land

Land Lottery

Land Distribution system used to give away land once there were more people who wanted land than there was land to give away In place after 1790 If you met certain conditions (widowed, mentally incompetent, war veteran) you could get extra chances.

Yazoo Land Fraud

1795 GA Governor Matthews and members of the GA General Assembly were bribed by 4 land companies to sell them cheap land that they could then turn around and sell for a profit The land in question was in modern day AL & Ms Named after Yazoo River

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

4 term President of the U.S. 1932-1945 Guided Nation during Great Depression and WWII Responsible for the NEW DEAL

Had Polio (could not walk) Vacationed/took therapy for Polio at Warm Springs, GA residence at Warm Springs was called "The Little White House"

Boll Weevil

Invasive beetle that arrived in Georgia in 1915 By 1921, this insect destroyed 45% of Georgia's Cotton Crop Along with an extended drought, it was responsible for Georgia entering the Great depression PRIOR to the rest of the country in 1929

New Deal

FDR's (President Franklin Roosevelt) program during the Great Depression to get Americans to work because unemployment was very high

Programs included Social Security, CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), REA (Rural Electrification Administration), etc...

Georgians who signed the Declaration of Independence

Button Gwinnett

Lyman Hall

George Walton

(all have counties named for them)

University of Georgia

First Land Grant University (Land donated by government) in the United States of America

Established to create educated voters (avoid tyranny)

Articles of Confederation

The first laws or constitution of the United States of America; created a very weak government out of fear of tyranny; replaced by the U.S. Constitution

Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation

Could not regulate trade, Could not levy (impose or raise) taxes, Could not raise army/draft troops; required individual states to contribute troops to army

Lend-Lease

The name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896 Homer Plessy (1/8 black) was arrested for illegially sitting in a Whites Only train car in Lousiana Plessy sued/said law unconstitutional US Supreme court ruled against Plessy/said that separate but equal facilities were legal legalized segregation

Worcester vs. Georgia

1832 Samuel Worcester (missionary) arrested for not swearing oath of allegiance to GA Governor He sued/said GA law did not apply in sovereign Cherokee territory Supreme Ct. ruled GA law did not apply/Worcester won President refused to uphold court ruling

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and said separate but equal was inherently unequal.

Led to the integration of public schools all across USA; many were against integration of schools

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

1857 Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom. Supreme Court said he wasn't a citizen (slave or descendant of a slave) and therefore couldn't sue. Court also said that enslaved people were property.

13th Amendment to the United States Constitution

Banned Slavery in the United States of America USA Required 13th Amendment be passed by former Confederate States in order to be readmitted to the Union

14th Amendment to the United States Constitution

Established citizenship for all people born in America; guarantees equal rights for all American citizens

15th Amendment to the United States Constitution

made it illegal for US or State gov't to deny someone the right to vote because of: Race, Color, or Previous Condition of Servitude (whether or not someone used to be a slave)

Ellis Arnall

Governor of Georgia from 1943-1947. Outgoing governor during the Three Governor’s Controversy.

Three Governor's Controversy

When Eugene Talmadge died before being inaugurated as Governor, three men all claimed they should be governor (Ellis Arnall, Melvin Thompson, and Herman Talmadge), leading to a political crisis in Georgia.

William Hartsfield

Atl Mayor from 1937 to 1941 & from 1942 to 1962

He developed ATL airport into an aviation center

ensured ATL's water supply w/ completion of Buford Dam

declared ATL the city too busy to hate during the Civil RIghts Era

Ivan Allen, Jr.

2 term Mayor of ATL (1962-1970)

Accomplishments:

ATL experienced dramatic growth

Opposed Segregation: day 1 as mayor/took down all "white" & "colored" signs from city hall

Brought 3 Major League sports teams to ATL

Three reasons for the settlement of the Georgia Colony

Charity

Economics

Defense

Tomochichi

Yamacraw (part of the Creek Nation) Indian Chief Friends with James Oglethorpe Gave land at Yamacraw Bluff to the English settlers led by Oglethorpe

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia Colony Inspired to start colony by the death of his friend, Robert Castell in debtor's prison in England One of Georgia's original Trustees

Mary Musgrove

1/2 Native American, 1/2 White Translated between Yamacraw Chief Tomochichi and Oglethorpe who could not speak each others languages. Married to John Musgrove, with whom she helped run a trading post in the area near what would become Savannah.

City of Savannah

Founded on Yamacraw Bluff in 1733 (available freshwater springs, high point of land, easy to defend) Founded by Oglethorpe with the assistance of Yamacraw Chief Tomochichi Georgia's first Capital

Hernando DeSoto

Spanish: 1st European to explore what is now Georgia in 1540 Treated Native Americans poorly Looking for wealth & riches, but did bring along items for trade with natives and Catholic priests to convert natives to Christianity

Spanish Missions

Located on Georgia's barrier islands; established to convert Native Americans to Christianity

Mercantalism

A system of trade where a mother country produces finished goods from materials imported from colonies. A reason for the establishment of colonies in North America by European countries, increases the wealth of the mother country.

Salzburgers

Some of the first immigrants to the new Georgia colony in the 1730's From Salzburg, in Austria came to Georgia to escape religious persecution (they were protestants, not Catholics) settled Ebenezer/New Ebenezer opposed slavery. Successfully grew mulberry trees.

Highland Scots

Early immigrants to the Georgia colony Per Oglethorpe, settled Darien, Ga. (which was on the northern bank of the Altamaha River...the southern border of the Georgia colony at the time) Were fierce fighters/helped defend border w/Spanish Florida

Malcontents

Settlers in the Georgia colony who were not happy with conditions in the colony

wanted slavery (to compete w/ cheap exports in neighboring S. Carolina)

wanted to change restrictions on land ownership/inheritance

Slavery in Georgia

Began in 1750, 2 years before it was technically legal (when GA became a Royal Colony in 1752) Greatly expanded after 1793 invention of Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney Does not end until passage of the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution in 1865

Georgia's Royal Governors

John Reynolds

Henry Ellis

James Wright

French and Indian War

1754-1763 (also known as the 7 years war) France & Indian Allies vs Great Britain over control of the Ohio River Valley expensive/long time, long distances involved, it's WAR! Great Britain won, leads to American Revolution (taxes to pay for F&I war)

Proclamation of 1763

forbade colonists moving W of Appalachian Mtns. Moved GA's southern border to St. Mary's river Saved Great Britain $ by keeping troops out of the Ohio River Valley to protect colonists from Native Americans Helped to pay off debt from F&I War

Stamp Act

Placed indirect (obvious) taxes on all paper products. Supposed to help pay off debt from F&I War. Upset colonists: NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION (violation of a birth-right privilege!)

Declaration of Independence

Approved 4 July 1776 (signed 2 August 1776) GA signers: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton severed ties between Great Britain & its 13 American colonies Established The United States of America signed over 1 year after war began (4/19/1775)

Elijah Clarke

Commander (rank of Colonel) at Battle of Kettle Creek (2/14/1779, near Washington, GA) helped by Austin Dabney American victory captured valuable supplies from the British Showed British inability to hold interior of state & protect loyalists

Austin Dabney

African American who fought at the Battle of Kettle Creek Served in the place of Richard Aycock Helped save commander Elijah Clarke at the Battle of Kettle Creek

Nancy Hart

Only woman in Georgia to have a county named after her! A Patriot who killed Loyalists during the Revolutionary War.

Battle of Kettle Creek

2/14/1779 (Revolutionary War), near Washington, GA American victory captured valuable supplies from the British Showed British inability to hold interior of state & protect loyalists

Siege of Savannah

Early September-October 9 of 1779

British held the city

Americans together with French fought to take the city but FAILED

1,000 American soldiers died vs. only 40 British

British kept the city till end of Revolutionary War"

Louisville

Became the capital of Georgia in 1796 (moved from Augusta) Located in East-Central Georgia capital was moved to be nearer to the state's shifting center of population

Spread of Baptist and Methodist churches in the 1800's

Methodist Churches had circuit riders Camp Meetings 2nd Great Awakening spread religious fever throughout America

William McIntosh

Creek (Muscogee) Indian who signed Treaty of Indian Springs, gave up all remaining Creek lands in Georgia. Was killed by a group of angry Creek Indians for signing the treaty.

Trail of Tears

1838 forced relocation of Cherokee Indian tribe from Cherokee capital of New Echota to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma)

around 4,000 of 15,000 Cherokee died on the trek

Indian Removal Act

Supported by President Andrew Jackson after the discovery of gold on Cherokee land, and aimed to relocate Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands in the west.

Dahlonega Gold Rush

Gold discovered near Dahlonega, Ga in 1829 by Benjamin Parks

Led to Cherokee being kicked off their own lands

Beginnings of first major Gold Rush in America

so much gold found that a U.S. mint was established in Dahlonega

John Ross

Cherokee Chief

Opposed the Indian Removal Act

Forced to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears

States' Rights

The belief that a State's interests supersede (come before) the interests of the national government

Supported by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

Nullification

The idea that a State can void any (national or federal) law that it feels is not in its best interests/might be harmful to the State.

Related to States' Rights *

Prompted by the Tariff of Abominations

Missouri Compromise

1820, Henry Clay

Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a Slave state

Allowed Maine to enter the Union as a Free state

Forbade slavery north of Missouri's southern border (36' 30")

Maintained balance of power (N vs S in U.S. Senate)"

Compromise of 1850

California enters Union as a Free State

Stricter Fugitive Slave Law

Popular Sovereignty for remaining land from Mex.-Am. War

End of slave trade in/slave owners still keep slaves in D.C.

Georgia Platform

Alexander Stephens

Argued that southern states should support the Compromise of 1850 to avoid war

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln, a Northern Republican elected

Received 0 electoral votes from Slave states

Slave states felt he could not represent them and wanted to outlaw slavery

In response many southern states SECEDED

Alexander Stephens

Georgian who argued passionately against Georgia seceding at its secession convention

Even though Georgia eventually seceded, he still elected to support his home state by agreeing to serve as Vice President of the Confederacy

Emancipation Proclamation

Written by Abraham Lincoln

Made the Civil War about ending slavery (in addition to reuniting the country)

Battle of Chickamauga

2nd bloodiest battle in the Civil War

Fought in the Appal. Plateau

Confederate victory, but…

Confederate forces allowed the Union forces to retreat and strengthen, those forces would later join Sherman through his destructive Georgia campaigns

Union Blockade of Georgia's Coast

Union strategy to weaken the South’s economy

Prevented exporting cotton in exchange for money or weapons

Sherman's Atlanta Campaign

Started in Chattanooga and ended in Atlanta.

Focused on destroying Atlanta’s railroads. No railroads = much more difficult to win the Civil War

Sherman's March to the Sea

November to December 1864

60 miles wide total war, less destructive because of a lack of resistance.

Total War

Goal? Force the Confederacy to surrender

Andersonville

Prisoner of War camp for Union soldiers located in SW Georgia

HORRIBLE conditions

Freedman's Bureau

Established during Reconstruction to help newly freed slaves (freedmen)

Provided food, shelter, clothing

Ultimate goal? Provide education to the freedmen

Sharecropping

A system of farming where the land owner provides seeds, tools, livestock, and housing to the farmer and his family in exchange for a large share of the crops.

The farmer only provides his/her labor.

Became a new form of slavery

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

10% of the White men in southern states must take an oath of allegiance to the Union before being allowed to re-enter the United States

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

10% of the White men in southern states must take an oath of allegiance to the Union before being allowed to re-enter the United States

AND

Southern states had to ratify (approve) the 13th Amendment (abolished slavery)

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

a terrorist organization created in opposition to Reconstruction-era amendments

Used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Henry McNeal Turner

One of the first Black men to be elected to Georgia’s legislature during Reconstruction

The Bourbon Triumvirate

Southern Democrats who wanted to “redeem” the South after Reconstruction (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, & John B. Gordon)

Their goals were:

1. To expand GA's economy & ties with industries in the North (forward economically)

2. Maintain the tradition of the white supremacy (backward socially)

Henry Grady

Editor of Atlanta Constitution.

Promoted a "New South", which focused on getting over the Civil War and a shift from the traditional southern agrarian economy to a more industrial one.

Promoted the International Cotton Exposition

International Cotton Exposition

Event that showcased Atlanta’s recovery and economic growth since the Civil War

Important impacts = job creation, increased investment, and Atlanta becoming the “capital” of the New South