Studied by 32 people
How are FADH2, NADH, and ATP similar?
Each have a ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base, FADH2 and NADH just have more added on to an ADP.
What goes into the citric acid cycle?
3 NAD, 1 FAD, 1 GDP
What comes out of the CAC?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
What happens in the citric acid cycle that gives us energy?
Oxidation reactions, which create NADH, FADH2, and GTP
What enters the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
Which brings electrons into Complex I?
NADH
What brings electrons into Complex II?
FADH2
How is energy stored in the ETC?
In the proton gradient
What brings electrons out of Complex I?
CoQH2
What brings electrons out of Complex II?
CoQH2
What brings electrons into Complex III?
CoQH2
What brings electrons out of Complex III?
Cytochrome C
What brings electrons into Complex IV?
Cytochrome C
What brings electrons out of Complex IV?
Oxygen
How many protons are pumped by Complex I?
4
How many protons are pumped by Complex II?
0
How many protons are pumped by Complex III?
4
How many protons are pumped by Complex IV?
2
How many protons total does NADH pump?
10
How many protons total does FADH2 pump?
6
How many protons are needed to make 1 ATP?
4
What happens to oxygen that is not used in the ETC?
It becomes reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroys things.
Where does carb digestion start?
In the mouth
Where are carbs not digested?
The stomach
What digests carbs in the mouth and small intestine?
Alpha amylase in saliva or from the pancreas
What is the 6 carbon stage of glycolysis?
Steps 1-5, where phosphates are added to the 6 carbon monosaccharide
What is the 3 carbon stage of glycolysis?
Steps 5-10, where the energy that was stored in the phosphates are paid off
How much energy is used or produced in the 6 carbon stage of glycolysis?
2 ATP are used
How much energy is used or produced in the 3 carbon stage of glycolysis?
4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm
What happens to the NADH in the cytosol?
They become FADH2 in the mitochondria
How much energy is made from glycolysis?
5 ATP (2 from ATP, 3 from FADH2)
What is fermentation?
The process of turning NADH to NAD+ without oxygen
What is it called when glycogen is made?
Glycogenesis
What is it called when glycogen is broken into glucose?
Glycogenolysis
What is the Cori cycle?
The process in which glucose is made in the liver and sent to muscle to keep blood glucose levels consistent when we run out of oxygen
What is the process of making glucose from non-carb molecules called?
Gluconeogenesis
What does the pentose phosphate pathway make and for what?
NADPH for lipogenesis
What is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate called?
Glycolysis
Where are lipids broken down? By what?
In the stomach and intestines by chyme and gastric lipases
What is a micelle?
A ball of lipids that transport lipids into intestinal cells
What do chylomicrons do?
Transport triacylglycerols through the lymph system
What form do lipids take in the blood?
Lipoproteins (HDLs, LDLs, etc)
What tissue stores fats?
Adipose tissue
What pathway does glycerol from fats enter?
Glycolysis
What are the three steps of fatty acid oxidation?
Activation, transport, oxidation
How much energy is used in activation?
2 ATP
Where does fatty acid oxidation take place?
In the mitochondria
What are the products of each cycle of beta oxidation (per 2 carbons)?
1 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 acetyl CoA
How much energy is made per 2 carbons of beta oxidation?
14 ATP
How much ATP is made from the last 2 carbons?
10 ATP
How many less ATP are made per double bond on a fat?
1.5 less ATP per bond
What is the process of making a ketone body called?
Ketogenesis
What is beta hydroxybutyrate equivalent to energy wise?
2 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH
What is acetoacetate equivalent to energy wise?
2 acetyl CoA
Where does lipogenesis take place?
In the cytosol
What is the role of the citrate-malate pathway? How much energy is used?
It moves acetyl CoA out of the mitochondria for lipogenesis and uses 1 ATP and 1 NADH
What is used to add 2 carbons in lipogenesis?
1 acetyl CoA, 1 ATP, 2 NADPH
How do we calculate the amount of energy made in fatty acid degradation?
Number of cycles * 14 + 10 - 2
How do we calculate the amount of energy used in lipogenesis?
Number of cycles * 16 + 10
How many more ATP are used per double bond on a fat?
2.5 ATP
What is the starting point for the synthesis of cholesterol?
Acetyl CoA
Where does protein digestion begin?
In the stomach
What form do proteins enter the blood stream as?
Free amino acids
What things add to the availability of amino acids?
Diet, protein turnover, and biosynthesis
What things consume amino acids?
Protein synthesis, energy and waste, and N containing biomolecules
What is the process of moving a N from one amino acid to keto acid called?
Transamination
Which amino acid is most often produced from transamination?
Glutamate
Which cycle rids our body of ammonia?
The urea cycle
What molecule is the entry point to the urea cycle? How much does it cost to make?
Carbamoyl phosphate, which costs 2 ATP
What is the net cost of disposing 2 nitrogen atoms when the urea cycle and citric acid cycle are active?
-1.5 ATP, as we lose 4 ATP and produce 1 NADH
What is is called when an amino acid can be used to make pyruvate or a citric acid cycle intermediate?
Glucogenic amino acids
What is it called when an amino acid can be used to make acetyl CoA?
Ketogenic amino acids
Which pathways does insulin accelerate?
Glycogenesis, glycolysis, pentose phosphate, lipogenesis
Which pathways does glucagon accelerate?
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
Which pathways does epinephrine accelerate?
Glycogenolysis, glycolysis, lipolysis
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