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Great Chain of Being
Hierarchical organization of life forms, unchanging.
Fossilized Remains
Rocks containing remnants of ancient organisms.
Steno's Discovery
Identified fossilized teeth as remnants of life.
Natural Theology
Belief in a creator based on complex organisms.
Linnaeus
Developed modern taxonomy and hierarchical classification.
Paley's Watchmaker
Metaphor for complex life needing a creator.
Buffon's Theory
Natural explanations for earth's formation and life.
Lamarck's Evolution
Species evolve linearly from imperfect to perfect.
Internal Forces
Lamarck's proposed mechanisms for species change.
Cuvier
Founder of paleontology; studied fossil groups.
Catastrophism
Cuvier's idea of extinction followed by creation.
Darwin's Voyage
Surveyed South America, collected diverse specimens.
Natural Selection
Darwin's mechanism for evolution, developed 1836-1844.
Galapagos Islands
Key location for Darwin's observations of species.
Malthus' Principle
Population growth outpaces food supply, causing famine.
Uniformitarianism
Geological processes observed today occurred in the past.
Hutton's Contribution
Proposed gradual geological change over long timescales.
Lyell's Principles
Expanded uniformitarianism; wrote 'Principles of Geology'.
Transmutation
Darwin's term for evolutionary change over time.
Barnacle Studies
Darwin's work to build credibility before publishing.
Seasickness
Darwin's condition affecting his travel on the Beagle.
Specimen Collection
Darwin gathered specimens for identification and study.
Alfred Russell Wallace
Co-proposed natural selection with Darwin.
Malay Archipelago
Region where Wallace studied species diversity.
Natural Selection
Process by which organisms better adapted survive.
Darwinism
Term popularized by Wallace for Darwin's theory.
On the Origin of Species
Darwin's 1859 book outlining natural selection.
Descent with Modification
Theory explaining species evolve over generations.
Struggle for Existence
Competition among individuals for limited resources.
Population Stability
Populations remain stable despite potential growth.
Limited Natural Resources
Resources remain constant in stable environments.
Enormous Variability
No two individuals in a population are identical.
Heritable Variation
Traits passed from parents to offspring.
Unequal Survival
Survival based on inherited traits, not random.
Evolution
Gradual change in populations over generations.
Inherited Traits
Characteristics passed down affecting survival.
Blending Inheritance
Outdated theory reducing variation over generations.
Adaptation Dilution
Blending inheritance would dilute advantageous traits.
Mendel's Peas
Experiments challenging blending inheritance theory.
Orthogenesis
Belief in predetermined evolutionary paths.
Scientific Ignorance
Lack of understanding hindering acceptance of natural selection.
Darwin's Evidence
Supported evolution but faced rejection of natural selection.
Linnaean Society
Venue for Darwin and Wallace's joint presentation.
Major Fluctuations
Occasional significant changes in population size.
Mendel's Work
Introduced particulate inheritance, influencing evolutionary theory.
Particulate Inheritance
Genes as discrete units, contrasting blending inheritance.
Natural Selection
Mechanism for evolution, revived by Mendel's findings.
Evolutionary Synthesis
Integration of evolution and genetics in the 1930s.
Microevolution
Small-scale evolutionary changes within populations.
Macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary changes over geological time.
Allele Frequencies
Proportions of different alleles in a population.
Adaptation
Process where organisms become better suited to environment.
Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
Critique of traditional synthesis, emphasizing additional evolutionary factors.
Genetic Changes
Alterations in DNA that can drive evolution.
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Processes like mutation, selection, and genetic drift.
Biostatistics
Application of statistics to biological research.
Paleontology
Study of fossils to understand evolutionary history.
Theoretical Biology
Mathematical modeling of biological processes.
Embryology
Study of development from fertilization to organism.
Standard Evolutionary Theory
Traditional view of evolution emphasizing natural selection.
Developmental Bias
Influence of development on evolutionary changes.
Evo-Devo
Study of evolution through developmental biology.
Phenotypic Plasticity
Ability of organisms to change phenotype in different environments.
Niche Construction
Organisms modify their own environment affecting evolution.
Maternal Effect
Maternal contributions influence offspring development.
Epigenetics
Non-DNA transmitted traits affecting evolution.
Cultural Transmission
Non-genetic transfer of traits across generations.
Hypothesis Testing
Process of forming and testing scientific hypotheses.
Falsifiability
Ability to be proven false in hypothesis testing.
Methodological Naturalism
Only natural explanations are allowed in science.
Null Hypothesis
Assumes no effect or change in an experiment.
Alternative Hypothesis
Proposes a specific effect or change in an experiment.
Lord Kelvin
Physicist who estimated Earth's age via heat loss.
Cooling Rate
Rate at which Earth lost heat over time.
Germination Rate
Speed at which seeds sprout under specific conditions.
Scientific Literature
Published findings communicated to the scientific community.
Replicability
Results must be repeatable by other researchers.
Fringe Science
Ideas not widely accepted or considered dubious.
Frontier Science
Emerging ideas with some support but uncertain validity.
Core Science
Well-supported scientific theories widely accepted.
Erroneous Ideas
Hypotheses or theories discarded upon new evidence.
Geological uniformitarianism
Earth's processes are consistent over time.
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that decay by emitting radiation.
Half-life
Time for half of parent material to decay.
Rubidium-87
Radioactive isotope used in radiometric dating.
Strontium-87
Decay product of Rubidium-87 in rocks.
Strontium-86
Stable isotope that does not change over time.
Radiometric Dating
Using isotopes to determine rock ages.
Erosion rate
Rate of material removal, measured by Darwin.
Proterozoic Eon
Period of eukaryote evolution, 2500-541 MYA.
Archean Eon
Oldest eon, 4000-2500 MYA, microbial life evidence.
Hadean Eon
Earliest eon, 4600-4000 MYA, Earth's formation.
Cenozoic Era
Era of first primate mammals, 66.0-0 MYA.
Mesozoic Era
Era of first flowering plants, 251.9-66.0 MYA.
Paleozoic Era
Era of Cambrian explosion, 358.9-251.9 MYA.
Fossilization process
Bones replaced by minerals over time.
Desiccated fossils
Fossils found in cold, dry environments.
Frozen fossils
Fossils preserved in permafrost or glaciers.
Impression fossils
Fossils formed from impressions in sediment.
Trace fossils
Fossils indicating organism activity, like footprints.
