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What qualities are present at divergent boundaries? (1)
small shallow earthquakes on boundaries
not many volcanoes
crust slightly shallower along plate boundary
symmetrical age — newer at boundary, gets older further away
What qualities are present at convergent boundaries? (1)
Earthquakes get shallower on side going under, get deeper as earth descends
Volcanoes along top plate parallel to boundary
Volcanic arc next to deep sea trench
Likely no symmetry, geochronology not related to convergent boundary
What qualities are present at transform boundaries? (1)
Lots of shallow earthquakes along the boundary
No volcanoes forming
Off-set streams, physical cracks on landscape
No formation or recycling of crust
What rocks were present at Vasquez Rocks and what was the sorting like?
Quartz, k-feldspar and amphibole were present
Rocks were sedimentary
Poor sorting — rocks vary greatly in size and indications of flash floods (high energy)
What rocks were present at Devil’s Punchbowl?
Sedimentary
Granite, andesite, biotite, k-feldspar, quarts, sandstone, gneiss, diorite
There is less variety than there used to be in ancient times
What type of rock is best to build on for earthquakes?
Sandstone is best, unstable river gravel and artificial fill are the worst
How do igneous rocks form and what do the different grain size/texture mean about the cooling rate?
Form when molten rock cools and becomes solid
Cool slowly —> larger minearls (macrocrystalline)
Cool quickly —> smaller minerals (microcrystalline)
What is the difference between intrusive, extrusive, and porphyritic rocks?
Intrusive - tend to be macrocrystalline (cool inside Earth)
Extrusive - microcrystalline (cool outside Earth)
Porphyritic - microcrystalline with scattered large crystals
What are the seven main igneous rocks and what are they made of?
Granite (k-feldspar, biotite, quartz)
Basalt (pyroxene)
Diorite (plagioclase feldspar, amphibole)
Gabbro (pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar)
Peridotite (olivine)
Porphyritic andesite (amphibole)
Porphyritic rhyolite (quartz, muscovite, amphibole)
What is the difference between detrial, organic and inorganic sedimentary rocks and how they form?
Detrial — made of fragments of pre-existing rocks that have been broken down through weathering erosion (mudtsone, shale, sandstone, breccia and conglomerate)
Organic — made of organic material produced by fossils (calcite)
Inorganic — formed from sediment that precipitates water — only chemical sediment (rock salt and gypsum)
What causes foliated vs non-foliated metamorphic rocks?
Foliated — form as a result of regional metamorphism (usually directed pressure); greater degree of metamorphism → larger minerals; more metamprophism = more shiny
Non-foliated — macroscopic tecture, high temp WITHOUT direct pressure, likely consist of one mineral
What is an epicenter vs a focal point?
Epicenter — point on Earth’s sruface above focal point
Focal point — underground origin of the earthquake
How do earthquakes occur?
Plate tectonic motion builds up as strain within Earth taht releases along faults
Seismic waves originate at focal point and travel in all directions
Motion (slip) along fault is what people feel
What is the stike vs the dip?
Strike — line of intersection btwn inclinced plane of sedimentary bed and horizontal plane
Dip — maximum tilt angle of sedimentary bed
What types of rocks on are Fiji Hill and when did they form?
Topanga formation — sedimentary rock
Formed 13 million years ago (young)
Granite, quartz, k-feldspar, plagioclaste, biotite
What types of clasts are present and how did the rocks move from the San Gabriel mountains?
Moved as the mountain eroded through landslides and then moved by streams/erosion to where they are
Fragments are buried and then lithification occurs → uplift happens
What is the geologic history of the Topanga formation?
Crystallization of intrusive rocks
Uplift
Erosion
Sedimentation
Litification
Uplift
At what rate is Fiji eroding?
.12 inches/year —> 100 feet will be eroded in 10,000 years
What are the features of Mt Waddington, BC that indicate it formed from a glacier?
U-shape channel
What direction was the Rhone Glacier moving and what direction was the terminus moving?
East because stakes are displaced to the East, northwest
How fast was the average rate of flow (in meters/year) in the center and near the edge?
16 m/year in the center and 75 m/year at the edge (flowed faster at the edge)
What was the average rate of retreat of the Rhone glacier?
20 m/year
What order were glaciers forming Bloody Canyon, Sawmill and Grant Lake?
Bloody Canyon — Tenaya (mid)
Sawmill — Tahoe (oldest)
Grant Lake — Tioga (youngest)
What phyla and class are corals part of?
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
What phyla are fan, corkscrew and twig like shapes part of?
Phylum bryozoa
What phylum are small, shell organisms apart of?
Phylum brachiopoda
What phylum and class are clams, oysters and mussels part of?
Phylum mollusca
Class bivalvia
What phyla and class are snails a part of?
Phylum mollusca
Class gastropoda
What phyla and class are animals like squids?
Phylum mollusca
Class cephalopoda
What phyla and class are three-lobed scavengers part of?
Phylum arthropoda
class trilobita
What phyla and class are sea lilies?
Phylum echinodermata
Class crinoidea
What phyla and class are sea urchins and sand dollars?
Phylum echinodermata
Class echinoidea