Microbiology - Ch. 2 Study Guide

Which term refers to “anything that has mass and takes up space”?

matter

Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume due to tightly packed particles that vibrate in fixed positions?

solid

Which state of matter has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container because of close particles that can move past one another?

liquid

Which state of matter does not have a definite shape nor volume due to freely moving particles that are spread apart?

gas

Which term refers to “a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom”?

element

Elements are defined by their number of __________ (atomic number).

protons

Mass number is the sum of __________ and __________.

protons, neutrons

Which term refers to “the capacity to perform work or cause a change in a system”?

energy

Which type of energy refers to energy possessed by matter due to its motion?

kinetic energy

Which type of energy refers to stored energy resulting from an object’s position, structure, or arrangement?

potential energy

Faster-moving particles have __________ kinetic energy.

higher

Slower-moving particles have __________ kinetic energy.

lower

Which term refers to “the smallest unit of an element that still has properties of an element”?

atom

Which subatomic particle is positively charged and is located within the nucleus of an atom?

proton

Which subatomic particle has no electrical charge and is found within the nucleus of an atom?

neutron

Which subatomic particle is negatively charged and is found outside of the nucleus of an atom?

electron

What substance is dissolved in a solution?

solute

What substance dissolves another substance?

solvent

Solutes are usually present in __________ amounts.

smaller

Solvents are usually present in __________ amounts.

greater

Which term refers to “the concentration of a solution expressed by the number of moles of solute per liter of a solution”?

molarity

What is the chemical principle that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve 8 electrons in their outermost shell?

octet rule

Which chemical bond attracts oppositely charged ions that forms after one atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom?

ionic bond

Which chemical bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

covalent bond

Which chemical bond has a relatively weak attraction between a partially positve hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen)?

hydrogen bond

__________ is a type of chemical reaction that requires an input of free energy to occur.

Endergonic reaction

__________ is a type of chemical reaction that releases free energy.

Exergonic reaction

Which chemical reaction combines two or more substances to form one larger, more complex product?

synthesis

Which chemical reaction breaks down one compound into two or more simpler substances?

decomposition

Which chemical reaction rearranges atoms (or groups of atoms) between two or more compounds?

exchange

Which chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons between substances?

redox

Which chemical reaction proceeds in both forward and reverse directions depending on conditions?

reversible

What is the form of a synthesis reaction?

A + B → AB

What is the form of a decomposition reaction?

AB → A + B

What is the form of an exchange reaction?

AB + CD → AD + BC

What is the form of a reversible reaction?

A + B ⇌ AB

Oxidation refers to the __________ of electrons.

loss

Reduction refers to the __________ of electrons.

gain

What is the condition in which forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates?

equilibrium

Which does NOT alter the rate of reactions?

amount of solvent

What is the study of chemical substances, reactions, and processes that occur in living organsims?

biochemistry

Which compound type is carbon-containing and typically has carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds?

organic compound

Which compound type generally does not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds?

inorganic compound

pH is the numerical measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution?

hydrogen

Acidic (low pH) substances have __________ hydrogen ions.

more

Basic (high pH) substances have __________ hydrogen ions.

less

Changes in __________ cause changes in electrical charge and disrupts protein structure and function.

pH

What is the substance of a system that resists changes in pH by absorbing / releasing hydrogen ions?

buffer

Which macronutrient consists of a group of molecules that are generally not soluble in water?

lipids

Which macronutrient is made up of amino acids that performs serveral jobs within cells?

proteins

Which macronutrient is mainly composed of sugars that cells use for energy (and sometimes structure)?

carbohydrates

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, and Steroids (such as Cholesterol) are all examples of…

lipids

Enzymes, Antibodies, Collagen, Hemoglobin, and Insulin are all examples of…

proteins

Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Starch, and Glycogen are all examples of…

carbohydrates

What is the term for a substance that is attracted to water and interacts with it?

hydrophilic

What is the term for a substance that is separated from water and avoids it?

hydrophobic

Hydrophilic substances are often __________.

polar

Hydrophobic substances are often __________.

non-polar

What is the type of lipid that makes up much of the cell membrane?

phospholipid

The phospholipid structure is composed of…

a phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails

Which phospholipid structure is hydrophilic?

phosphate head

Which phospholipid structure is hydrophobic?

fatty acid tails

Which level of protein structure makes up the polypeptide chain by a linear sequence of amino acids?

primary structure

Which level of protein structure makes up the polypeptide chain by a twisted sequence of amino acids?

secondary structure

Which level of protein structure is the folded form of the secondary structure that produces a globular molecule?

tertiary structure

Which level of protein structure consists of two or more polypeptide chains that forms one complex, functional protein?

quaternary structure

The structure of __________ consists of a double helix strand of nucleotides and deoxyribose as its sugar.

DNA

The structure of __________ consists of a single strand of nucleotides and ribose as its sugar.

RNA

The backbone of both DNA and RNA is formed by…

sugar and phosphate molecules

Which nitrogenous base is unique to DNA?

thymine (T)

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?

uracil (U)

Which nitrogenous base does cytosine (C) bind to in both DNA and RNA?

guanine (G)

Which nitrogenous base does adenine (A) bind to in DNA?

thymine (T)

Which nitrogenous base does adenine (A) bind to in RNA?

uracil (U)

__________ is known as “universal energy” because almost all cells use it to store, transfer, and provide energy for cellular activites.

ATP

The structure of ATP consists of…

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups