regional development

What do theories of unbalanced or polarized development suggest about economic growth?

Economic growth is naturally uneven and tends to concentrate in specific sectors or geographic points.

What did Albert O. Hirschman argue is the primary bottleneck in developing nations?

The lack of decision-making ability and entrepreneurial spirit, not just a lack of resources.

What are backward linkages in the context of Hirschman's theory?

The demand an industry creates for inputs from other sectors.

What are forward linkages according to Hirschman's theory?

The supply an industry provides which becomes inputs for other sectors.

What is the main idea behind Perroux's Growth Pole Theory?

Development occurs at 'poles' or specific nodes rather than uniformly.

How do polarization effects influence economic activities?

They tend to draw economic activities and resources into the growth pole due to external economies and agglomeration benefits.

What are backwash effects in Myrdal's cumulative causation theory?

The negative impact on the periphery as resources migrate toward the center.

What are spread effects in Myrdal's theory?

The positive impact where growth in the center eventually benefits the periphery.

What does the theory of regional domination focus on?

The asymmetrical power relationship between different geographical areas.

What characterizes a dominant region in the theory of regional domination?

Its economic decisions significantly influence other regions' economies.

What leads to the extraction of surplus in the context of regional domination?

Capital generated in the periphery is reinvested in the center rather than locally.

What distinguishes the center from the periphery in the theory of regional domination?

The center has advanced technology and diverse industries, while the periphery is often a supplier of raw materials.

What does decisional dependency imply for the periphery?

Key economic decisions affecting the periphery are made by entities in the center.

How does regional domination create structural distortion in the periphery?

The periphery's infrastructure is often designed to export resources, preventing internal growth.

What is Hirschman's policy of disequilibrium?

Creating deliberate imbalances to generate pressures for further development through a chain of inducements.