PSYC1030 quiz 3 (all module 3)

Social learning theory

-children learn by Imitating adults
-Shape behaviour and social learning by rewards/punishments
-Parents influence

Problems with social learning theory

-Children can be more moral than parents and Children learn morals from other sources

-Moral reasoning goes through changes over course of development: morphing and increasing with complexity along w cognitive ability

Main theorist involved in social learning theory

Albert Bandura

what did bandura’s bobo doll experiment find

If adult punches and hits bobo doll then children adopt behaviour

 Children not exposed to aggressive modelling did not display same behaviour

Children will model any adults

Main theorist involved in cognitive learning of morals

-Jean Piaget
-Lawrence Kohlberg

Piaget and Kohlberg agree that

-Reasoning of moral dilemmas the focus not the outcome

Piaget's stages of moral development and ages they occur

-Heteronomous morality stage (4-8)
-Autonomous morality stage (8+)

Heteronomous morality stage (Piaget)

-Focus on rules or laws
-Rules have innate authority
-Rules not negotiable
-Rules don't serve a purpose
-Outcome focused
-Motivated by fear of punishment

Autonomous morality stage (Piaget)

-Laws relative
-Laws socially constructed
-Rules are negotiable
-Rules do serve a purpose
-Intention focused
-Not motivated by fear of punishment
-Internalised sense of morality

Kohlberg developed three levels of morality by testing 84 males

-Preconventional Morality
-Conventional Morality
-Postconventional Morality

Name all 6 stages of Kohlberg's moral development

1. Punishment orientation
2. Self interest
3. Social perspective
4. Authority and social order
5. Social contact orientation
6. Universal ethical principles

Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Two stages and what age

1. Punishment orientation
2. Self interest

-Progress through both by age 9

Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Stage 1: Punishment orientation

-Individual perspective
-Egocentric
-Concrete tangibles

would argue that $ should be given to dad bc if it is not joe will be punished. Operating using another person's law.

Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Stage 2: Self interest

-Individual perspective
-Egocentric
-Fairness

 Joe shouldn't give $$ to dad bc it is his money

Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Two stages and what age

3. Social perspective
4. Authority and social order

Between adolescence and adulthood

Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Stage 3: Social perspective

-Social and interpersonal perspective
-Perspective of contributing member of society.

joe shouldn't give $$ because he sacrificed and worked hard and father lied. Social, interpersonal perspective.

Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Stage 4: Authority and social order

-Reasoning re interpersonal orientations
-Reasoning about society as a whole
-Common rights people have
-Societal expectations of possession
-Principles dictate behaviours.

very justice system-y

Kohlberg's three levels of morality

-Pass at any age BUT
-Sequential
-Linear

Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Two stages

5. Social contact orientation
6. Universal ethical principles

Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stages 5 and 6 commonalities

-Appliable for minority of adults
-Universal kinds of morals
-Applicable regardless of culture
-Prior-to-society perspective

Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stage 5: Social contact orientation

-Free individual as long as it does not infringe upon others rights

-Basic fundamental human right

Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

-Mother Theresa.
-Personal conscience.

Limitations with what Kohlberg's experiment

-Only tested boys and men in his task.

In modern approaches to how we think about moral reasoning people have examined:

-Specific domains of reasoning within moral reasoning

-Role of parents

Carol Gilligan's view on morality

-Repeated Kohlberg's study
-Challenged his theory
-Tested men and women
-Kohlberg overestimated importance of progressing through the stages
-There are different kinds of moral reasoning that vary across people

What did Carol Gilligan find in women compared to men

-Women: stage three
-Men: stage four
-Women: Cooperative orientation
-Men: Justice orientation

Moral rules pertain to our concepts of:

-Harm and welfare
-Fairness
-Universal

Social conventional rules

-Social order
-Organisation
-Subjective
-Arbitrary
-Doesn't directly reflect our principles

can social conventional rules and moral rules intersect

yes. social conventions can be there to preserve moral rules

Baumrind's axes of parenting style

-Indulgent parents
-Authoritative parents
-Neglectful parents
-Authoritarian parents

Low control and low sensitivity

Neglectful parents

Low level of control and high sensitivity

Indulgent

High level of control and low sensitivity

Authoritarian parents

High level of control and High level of sensitivity

Authoritative parents

Authoritarian parents

-Punishment and reward orientation
-Thus children also have this

Indulgent and neglectful parents

-lack social responsibility
-Parents don't correct child's actions
-Children don't contribute to groups or partners
-Problems with authority

Authoritative parents

-Socially responsible
-Altruistic

Why do authoritarian parents have children less moral reasoning compared to authoritative parents

-Authoritative: Correction, control, sensitivity, understanding

-Authoritarian: Punishment, control, no sensitivity, no understanding

Cultural difference between Western and Eastern with parenting styles

Western: Authoritative parents
Eastern: Authoritarian parents

both eastern and western parenting styles produce similarly healthy children because

Parenting styles + culture + child= healthy child

not just one or the other

what happens in utero in terms of lang development

pick up elements of lang

more sensitive to sound

preference for hearing language they are going to speak

what is the hypothesis for the overregularisation error pattern (i.e. correct usage high, then decreases, then high again)

they're just mapping word to referrent (younger children 2-3). Something happens in kids mind where grammatical rule is extracted and then overapplied to lots of words (i.e. "I know that to make past tense you add -ed, so I will add -ed to blow). This is unrelated to schooling.

what did dare baldwin 1991 find

in a lab, when baby looked at 1 (of 3) objects, parent uttered word

Did baby link word with what they were looking at?

No!

When they hear new word, they turn and look at where the speaker is looking and follow where speaker is looking. Basically what the speaker is looking at is what the baby assigns the word to

• Young as 16 months old

• Called joint attention

what is the nature explanation and what is the nurture explanation for the naming explosion

Nurture explanation- learns how reference works and importance of social situations and then tries to figure out what is what and when

Nature explanation: something happening in brain at ~18 mos which allows them to absorb all this info

what is the regular developmental progression for language

First words around first birthday--> start stringing words together--> follow grammatical rules (not explicitly taught)--> between 4-5y/o they can properly talk basically

Phonetic distinction between V and B are not picked up in what country

Spain

Baby's are born with a universal ear, what does this mean

Infants under 1 are sensitive to all phonetic distinctions between all languages, less sensitive as they approach 1

What's infant directed speech also known as

Motherese

What are the factors involved in motherese pattern of speech

-Talk slowly
-Repetitive
-High and low intonations

Benefits of infant directed speech opposed to adult directed speech

-Segments speech stream
-Begins to map meanings from words

What's the meaning of babbling

Closer to 12 months babbling tongue tuned in to consonant vowel pairings common in the language they will be speaking

What's the significance of pointing

-Drawing ones attention to something
-Just proceeds infants first word
-Can be done with finger and language
-Only humans point spontaneously

The problem with simple association ?

If speaker looking at something and baby looking at something else.

Just hearing language in order to learn is not sufficient, what's needed to effectively learn

Social context

Part of the social context of language includes what and an example

-Pragmatic functors (Meaning wanting to convey)

-Example: 'bye-bye' 'ta'

First word is usually by what age and what is the age limit when you should test for hearing impairment

12 months
By 3 y/o

First word is usually what

-Noun
-Usually "middle sized thing in the environment"

Language errors occur in what age range ?

12-18 months (1-1.5 y/o)

Two types of language errors that occur

-Overextension error
-Under extension errors

What is the one-word stage

-Pointing at and uttering single word nouns

-Referential errors in the first 50 words or so

What is the overextension error and an example

-Overextend the reference

-common error by most babies
-Parent "moon" reference to the moon
-Child independently (without social reference) calling other round things "moon"

What is the under extension error and an example

Common noun treated as proper name

-Baby knows the name of the family pet as dog

-Doesn't extend that word to any other dogs that she sees

How many words have baby's learned by 18 months

50-75 words

What age do baby's stop making the under extension and overextension error

18 to around 24 months

Why do babies make extension errors

Maybe over extension occurs bc have very limited vocab and use as 'placeholder' OR (theory 2) until ~18mos when children have acquired 50-75 words, bbies don’t actually understand how language works. Don’t understand that words refer to specific thing.

By 18 to around 24 months what's happening with baby's language

-Naming explosion 9 words per day via "what's that" game

-Combining words (telegraphic speech)

What game creates a "naming explosion"

The what's that game

At what age have baby's got a critical mass of beyond 50 to 75 words

From around 18 to around 24 months

The "what's that game" with the "naming explosion" is a nature or nurture view

Nurture

How many words in a child's vocabulary by age 6

12,000-14,000

How many words in a adult's vocabulary

25,000

What is word order error

Grammar

What is telegraphic speech and an example

-Two and three-word stage
-Baby's make very few word-order errors.

"Teddy eat," and, "Eat teddy."

A developmental psycholinguist studying language acquisition up until three-word stage is most interested in what aspect ?

Utterances and context.

A developmental psycholinguist studying language acquisition after three-word stage is most interested in what aspect ?

Context

What is over regularisation errors and what age range do these appear/disappear

* Grammatical mistake
* Grammatical rule extracted and overapplied
* <3 Correct usage
* >3 over regularisation
* From 8: Correct usage

An example of over regularisation errors

"blowed-up"

The nature argument for language acquisition and an example that supports this argument

-Innate
-Biological
-Noam Chomsky
-Over regularisation errors

-developmental regularity

-poverty of input: input heard by children isn't varied enough to explain through simple processes of association or social learning. e.g. where did she learn blowed up?

The nurture argument for language acquisition

-Association
-Imitation
-Shaping (Social learning) reward/punishment

Problems with nature rationale for language acquisition

-Variation in languages
-No underlying principles that apply to all languages
-No universal grammar
-Proven environmental influence
-Increased language input, increased rate of language acquisition

Difference between high socio-economic status homes compared to low with language acquisition

high SES homes who are read to regularly have twice as many words in their vocabularies

Is there a critical period for language acquisition

Yes. unclear how it is characterised

What is Language Acquisition Device

-Noam Chomsky's view
-We learn language by genetically coded Language Acquisition Device
-Input generates output

What is the problem with the critical period hypothesis

-Cant test it
-Only humans have language
-Ethically cant deprive human of language

What did Genie teach us about language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis

-Unable to learn grammar
-The importance of gramma in language
-Limited telegraphic speech with word-Order errors
-Evidence for "critical period" for language acquisition

-lends some support to nature view

McGuires Chain of persuasion

-Presentation
-Attention
-Comprehension
-Yielding
-Retention
-Behaviour

what did regan 1971 find

participants who were given a drink by the confederate with no expectations bought more raffle tickets than participants given a drink by experimenter

what did barry and kanouse 1987 find

participants who were given $20 as a gift had a higher completion rate of surveys than participants who were promised (and given) $20 as a reward after completing the survey

Brocks Cognitive Response Analysis

A persuasive message and associated things are the focus of elaborative thought

What's "elaborative thoughts" according to Brocks Cognitive Response Analysis model

Whether or not we think favourably about the message. This leads on to attitude change.

Elaboration likelihood model

-Dual process model
-Central route
-Peripheral route

Central route (Elaboration likelihood model)

-Elaboration strengths/weaknesses
-Association with positive stimuli unimportant
-Attitude change based on quality argument

Peripheral route (Elaboration likelihood model)

-Little or no elaboration of content
-Association with positive stimuli influential
-Attitude change based on emotional appeal

Compliance

Agreeing to a request from someone who does not have the authority to make you obey

Principles of compliance by Robert Cialdini

-Reciprocation
-Consistency
-Social validation
-Liking
-Scarcity
-Authority

Robert Cialdini learned compliance from the following people

-Salespeople
-Advertisers
-Real estate agents
-Negotiators
-Con artists

How are persuasion/compliance techniques developed in sales people according to Robert Cialdini

Persuasion techniques developed via NATURAL SELECTION. The most adaptive compliance techniques will persist in these professions

Reciprocation

more willing to comply with a request from someone who has previously provided a favour or concession to us

If people display behaviours to us we will display behaviours of quivalent or greater value back

• Ppl self disclose to us we are more likely to self disclose back

Why does reciprocation exist

Powerful norm for reciprocation in society

Obligation to return behaviour we receive

examples of reciprocity

-Liking
-Cooperation
-Competition
-Self-disclose
-Make concessions
-Gifts