Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Evolutionary Agents

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Model predicting allele/genotype frequencies remain constant.

Genotype Frequency

Percentage of individuals with a specific genotype.

Allele Frequency

Percentage of all gene copies carrying a specific allele.

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA among individuals in a population.

Microevolution

Small-scale evolutionary changes within a population.

Phenotype

Observable traits influenced by genotype and environment.

Qualitative Variation

Variation in traits that can be categorized.

Quantitative Variation

Variation in traits that can be measured numerically.

p and q

Symbols representing allele frequencies in a population.

CR and CW Alleles

Alleles for flower pigment in snapdragons.

Allele Frequency Calculation

Sum of allele frequencies equals 1 (p + q = 1).

Equilibrium Conditions

Population remains constant without evolutionary influences.

Null Model

Hypothetical population genetic makeup without evolution.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

State where allele/genotype frequencies remain unchanged.

Evolution Measurement

Changes in allele frequencies over generations.

Indiscriminate Mating

Random mating without preference for genotypes.

Genotype Distribution

How genotypes are spread across a population.

CRCR Frequency

Predicted frequency of homozygous dominant genotype.

CWCW Frequency

Predicted frequency of homozygous recessive genotype.

CRCW Frequency

Predicted frequency of heterozygous genotype.

Selection Pressure

Influence of environmental factors on allele survival.

Agents of Evolution

Factors causing changes in allele frequencies.

Population Genetics

Study of genetic composition of populations.

Mendelian Segregation

Separation of alleles during gamete formation.

Gene Flow

Transfer of alleles between populations through migration.

Natural Selection

Process where organisms better adapted survive.

Infinite Population Size

Assumption that population is large enough to avoid genetic drift.

H-W Equilibrium

State where allele frequencies remain constant.

F1 Generation

First generation of offspring from parental generation.

Mutation

Spontaneous changes in DNA creating genetic variation.

Deleterious Mutation

Harmful mutation reducing organism's fitness.

Lethal Mutation

Mutation causing death before reproduction.

Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies over time.

Population Bottleneck

Drastic reduction in population size affecting genetic diversity.

Founder Effect

Genetic differences arising from a small founding population.

Relative Fitness

Contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool.

Directional Selection

Favors individuals at one extreme of a trait spectrum.

Stabilizing Selection

Favors intermediate phenotypes, reducing variation.

Disruptive Selection

Favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate ones.

Snapdragons

Example organism used to illustrate H-W Principle.

E. coli Experiment

Study tracking mutations over 50,000 generations.

Neutral Mutation

Mutation with no effect on organism's fitness.

Advantageous Mutation

Mutation providing a survival benefit to the organism.

Gene Flow Barriers

Factors preventing allele movement between populations.

Kākāpō Recovery

Conservation effort for the endangered Kākāpō species.

Darwin's Finches

Example illustrating natural selection in action.

Catastrophic Factors

Events causing population bottlenecks, like disease.

Pollinators

Dispersal agents enhancing gene flow in plants.

Heritable Variation

Genetic differences passed from parents to offspring.

Spontaneous Variation

Random genetic changes occurring in organisms.