NR 283 - Quiz 1 Patho Questions with 100% correct answers -Chamberlain

List the 7 steps to health

1. Be a non-smoker and avoid second hand smoke

2. Eat 5-10 servings of fruits and veggies

3. Regular physical activity

4. Protection from the sun

5. Follow cancer screening guidelines

6. Visit doctor if experiencing changes

7. Follow health & safety guidlines

Health indicators

age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level

Examples of Disease Prevention

Maintain routine vaccinations

Screening programs (Breast exams, prostate exams, etc.)

Community health programs

Regular routine doctor visits

Gross level

organ or system level

Microscopic level

cellular level

Biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

Autopsy

Examination of the body and organs after death

Diagnosis

the identification of a disease or condition

Etiology

Causative factors in a particular disease

Idiopathic

unknown cause

"I don't know"

iatrogenic

illness caused by medical examination or treatment

predisposing factors

Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual

Pathogenesis

development of disease or sequence of events

Acute disease

Develops quickly, marked signs, short term

chronic disease

develops gradually, mild symptoms, long term

Remission

signs and symptoms subside (less severe) or absent

Exacerbation

manifestations of the disease increase

precipitating factors

condition that triggers an acute episode

Sequelae

unwanted outcomes of primary condition

prognosis

probability for recovery or for other outcomes

Atrophy

decrease in the size of cell

-Reduced tissue mass

-Reversible

-Disuse, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition

Hypertrophy

Increase cell size

-enlarged tissue mass

-increased workload

Hyperplasia

increase number of cells

-hormonal stimulation, enlarged tissue mass

Metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Dysplasia

infarction

area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

gangrene

necrotic tissue infected by bacteria

benign tumor

encapsulated, reproduce slow, expands but doesn't spread

Malignant tumor

undifferentiated, unorganized, reproduce quickly, no apoptosis

metastasis

spread to distant sites via blood, lymph, other fluids

effects of malignant tumors

1. weight loss & cachexia

2. Anemia

3. Fatigue

4. Effusions (fluid buildup in body cavities)

5. Infections

6. Bleeding

7. Paraneoplastic syndrom

local effects of malignant tumors

pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis and ulceration

Systemic Effects of Malignant Tumors

Weight loss and cachexia

Anemia

Severe fatigue

Effusions

Infections

Bleeding

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Invasion spread of malignant tumors

-Local spread

-Tumor cells grow into adjacent tissues

-Example: Uterine carcinoma invades vagina

adverse effects of radiation

bone marrow depression,

epithelial cell damage, infertility,

nonspecific fatigue and lethargy

Infertility

physical stressors

Pain

illness

Extremes in temperature

Exercise

Psychological stressors

loss of loved one

nursing school

finances

divorce

Stage 1: Alarm

response to stressor

CNS activated

Increase BP

Stage 2: Resistance

when a stressor is present for more than a few hours