Biol 314 - Ch 18 Blood

hematology

study of blood

heart and vessels

CV system refers to...

Heart, Blood, and vessels

Circulatory system refers to...

1) Protection

2) Transport

3) Regulation

Three functions of the circulatory system:

O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

What is transported via blood?

plasma

matrix of the blood

4-6 L

How much blood do adults have?

Formed Elements

blood cells and cell fragments

erythrocytes

RBCs

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Fragments from special cell in bone marrow

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Categories of leukocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Types of granulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Types of Agranulocytes

hematocrit

centrifuge blood to separate components

Erythrocytes

37 - 52%

WBC and platelets

Buffy coat

1% total volume

Plasma

47 - 63%

water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases

Plasma contains:

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

3 types of plasma proteins

albumins

smallest and most abundant protein

Contribute to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

globulins

Provide immune system functions

Alpha, beta, and gamma

Fibrinogen

Precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

globulins / the liver

Plasma proteins, except for _________ are formed in ___________

plasma cells

Globulins are produced by:

nitrogenous compounds

Amino acids from protein intake / breakdown

Waste (urea)

nutrients

glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, minerals, phospholipids

Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations

Predominant electrolyte in blood:

4.5-5.5

Blood is ___________ times as viscous as water

2

plasma is ___________ times as viscous as water

osmolarity of blood

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Hemopoiesis

blood cell formation

yolk Sac

produces stem cells for first blood cells

liver

stops producing blood cells at birth

spleen

remains involved with lymphocyte production

myeloid hemopoiesis

blood formation in the bone marrow

Lymphoid hemopoiesis

blood formation in the lymphatic organs (beyond infancy this only involves lymphocytes)

Erythrocytes

Lack mitochondria and nucleus/DNA

anerobic fermentation

How do RBC make ATP

surface glycoproteins and glycolipids

Blood type is determined by:

carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water

important in gas transport and pH balance

adult Hb

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

fetal Hb

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

globulins

4 protein chains making up Hb

heme groups

nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

- Androgens stimulate RBC production

- menstral blood loss

Why do women have less RBC / hemoglobin?

1 million

___________ RBC are produced per second

120 days

RBC last for ____________

liver apoferritin

binds to iron to create ferritin for storage

Erythropoietin

Kidney production of ________ stimulates bone marrow

- low O2 levels

- high altitude

- Increased exercise

- loss of lung tissue

Stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis:

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

Macrophages in spleen

(slide 25)

Digest membrane bits / Separate heme from globin

Polycythemia

excess of red blood cells

Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)

cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow

Secondary polycythemia

from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

Increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity

Can lead to embolism, stroke, or heart failure

What are the dangers of polycythemia?

Inadequate erythropoiesis, Hemorrhagic anemias, hemolytic anemias

What are the three categories of anemia?

- Insufficient EPO (kidney failure)

- iron deficiency

- Inadequate vitamin B12

Causes of inadequate erythropoiesis:

Bleeding

Cause of hemorrhagic anemia:

RBC destruction

Cause of hemolytic anemia:

pernicious anemia

autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption

hypoplastic anemia

slowing of erythropoiesis

aplastic anemia

complete cessation of erythropoiesis

1. Tissue Hypoxia / necrosis

2. Reduced blood osmolarity (causing edema)

3. Reduced blood viscosity

What are the potential consequences of anemia?

over 200

3

How many RBC antigens are there?

How many are medically significant?

antigens

Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response

Agglutinogens

antigens on the surface of the RBC that are the basis for blood typing

antibodies

Proteins secreted by plasma cells

- mark antigens for destruction

- part of immune response

Clumping (Agglutination)

Antibody molecule binds to antigens, causing clumping of red blood cells

RBC antigens

A, B, Rh(D)

Determined by glycolipids on RBC surface

Antibodies called agglutinins

-Found in plasma

-Anti-A, anti-B, & anti-Rh

What antigens are present on RBCs

Blood type is determined by:

- Each antibody attaches to several foreign antigens on several different RBCs

- Agglutinated RBCs block small blood vessels, hemolyze, and release their hemoglobin

- Hb blocks kidney tubules, causing renal failure

how does agglutination occur?

O- blood

universal donor

Lacks RBC antigens

AB+

universal recipient

Lacks plasma antibodies

Neutrophils

Barely visible granules in cytoplasm; three- to five-lobed nucleus

60-70%

Eosinophils

Large rosy-orange granules; bilobed nucleus

2-4%

Basophils

Large, abundant, violet granules (obscure a large S-shaped nucleus)

> 1%

lymphocytes

Variable amounts of bluish cytoplasm; ovoid/round, uniform dark violet nucleus

25-33%

monocytes

Usually largest WBC; ovoid, horseshoe-shaped nucleus

3-8%

Neutrophilia

rise in number of neutrophils in response to bacterial infection

Neutrophils

aggressively anti bacterial

most common leukocyte

Eosinophils

increased numbers in parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, diseases of spleen and CNS

Basophils

- increased numbers in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes

- secrete histamine and heparin

histamine

a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions

Heparin

promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area (anticoagulant)

Lymphocytes

- destroy human cells

- Present antigens to activate other immune cells

- Coordinate other immune cells

- Secrete antibodies / provide immune memory

monocytes

increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation

- Leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages

Leukopoiesis

production of white blood cells

Myeloblasts

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are formed from:

Myeloblasts, Monoblasts, Lymphoblasts

Hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into:

Hemostasis

the cessation of bleeding

Vascular spasm

Platelet plug formation

Blood clotting (coagulation)

Three hemostatic mechanisms:

Platelets (thrombocytes)

small fragments of megakaryocyte cells

- secrete vasoconstrictors and growth factors

- stick together

- Secrete procoagulants / clotting factors

- attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation

What do platelets do?

Thrombopoiesis

stem cells become megakaryoblasts

megakayoblasts

- Repeatedly replicate DNA without dividing

- Form gigantic cells called megakaryocytes with a multilobed nucleus

megakaryocyte

live in bone marrow adjacent to blood sinusoids