gas exchange

what does the ribs do

bones that protect the lungs it moves up and out when breathing

what does the intercoastal muscles do

they are muscles between the rib cages that contact and relax to move the ribcage during breathing

what does the diaphragm do

organ under r the lungs that move down during inhale and move up during exhale

what does the trachea do

a tube that carries air from the mouth to the lungs, it contains rings of cartilages that keep the tube open.

what does the bronchi do

two tubes that branch from the trachea to each lung

what does the bronchioles do

they are small tubes that branch from the bronchi to the alveoli

what does the alveoli do

tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place (between the air and blood)

define pleural membranes

thing layers around the lungs that reduce friction when the lungs expand and contract when breathing

what happens when a person inhales

intercostal muscle contract making the lung move in and out

diaphragm moves down when contracting

thorax volume increase

pressure decrease

air is moving into the lungs

what happens when a person exhales

intercostal muscle relaxes making the lungs move down and in

diaphragm relaxes, moving up

thorax volume decreases

pressure increases

air pushes out of the lungs

how do alveoli adapt to their function

large surface area (increase gas exchange)

one cell thick (thin walls help quicker diffusion)

good blood supply (capillaries maintain a steep concentration gradient)

has a moist lining (helps gases dissolve)

define diffusion

when particles go from a high to low concentration

what are the affects of smoking in the lungs

tar is a sticky substance that sticks on the alveoli, this reduces the surface area that causes lung cancer.

carbon monoxide poisonous gas that binds onto the haemoglobin that decreases the transfer of oxygen going to respiring cells

cilia cells become paralysed

emphysema is a disease that breaks down the alveoli

how does smoking affect the circulatory system

nicotine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure

coronary heart disease, where fat builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart

what is the practical for investigating carbon dioxide release on respiration

limewater test

breathe into the limewater and it should turn cloudy if carbon dioxide is present

what is the practice for investigating the effect of exercise using CORMMS

C- types of exercise

O- people that are same sex, age, height etc.

R-repeat three times

M-Measuring heart rate by putting fingers on the right side of the neck before and after exercise

M- measuring time by using stopwatch for duration of exercise and rest to count heart rate

S-same time of resting, same environment doing exercise.