BSCI Exam 3

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35 Terms

1

Metabolism

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell, connected in a network of reaction pathways

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2

Anabolic Reactions

make things, endergonic (use energy), takes energy from catabolic reactions

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3

Catabolic Reactions

break things, exergonic (release energy), gives energy to anabolic reactions

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4

Energy

Capacity to do work (potential and kinetic)

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5

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be converted, but not created or destroyed

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6

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy always increases, but we want it to decrease

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7

Entropy

Disorder, things breaking or getting dispersed (does not mean lack of equilibrium!!!)

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8

Free Energy (G)

is chemical energy available to do work and is expressed as the difference between enthalpy (total energy) and entropy

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9

-Delta G

ā€¢ Catabolic
ā€¢ Lower G products
ā€¢ Increase entropy
ā€¢ Exergonic
ā€¢ Spontaneous

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10

+Delta G

ā€¢ Anabolic
ā€¢ Higher G products
ā€¢ Decrease entropy
ā€¢ Endergonic
ā€¢ Non-spontaneous

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11

Main Role of Enzymes

lower activation energy (the hump)

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12

Enzymes

A type of protein where the function depends on the shape

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13

Substrates

interact with enzymes at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex with a close interaction through induced fit

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14

Allosteric effectors

bind somewhere other than the active site (called the allosteric site) and alter the shape of the protein to either inhibit or activate enzyme function

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15

Reaction coupling

Makes positive delta G reactions work by combining multiple reactions together (comines positive and negative reactions together to form a net negative reaction)

most common is hydrolysis and ATP

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16

Enzyme Optima

The optimal conditions for an enzyme to work

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17

Oxidation

Loss of electrons between molecules (looks like loosing an H)

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18

Reduction

The gaining of electrons between molecules (looks like gaining an H)

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19

Photosynthesis

transforms light energy into chemical energy

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20

Light Reaction

energy carriers, generate high energy electrons (light dependent)

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21

Dark Reaction

CO2 (light independent)

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22

Stroma

Space outside chloroplasts (cytoplasm)

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23

Thylakoid Membrane

hollow membrane disks (separator)

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24

Thylakoid Lumen

Space inside disks

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25

Photosystem 2

  • absorbs light

  • splits water (photolysis)

  • reduces PQ to PQH2 (gives electron to PQ)

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26

Cytochrome Complex

  • Uses energy from e- to pump H+ creating an H gradient

  • Electrons reduce to PC

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27

Photosystem 1

  • Absorbs light, exciting electrons

  • reduces ferredoxin, which delivers electrons to NADP+ reductase then to NADPH

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28

ATP Synthase

Uses H+ gradient to power turning ADP + Pi into ATP

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29

By Products of Photosynthesis

H+ and Oxygen

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30

Calvin Cycle

turns CO2 into G3P in a never ending loop, involves both ATP and NADPH

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31

Carbon Fixation

1st phase of the calvin cycle, CO2 (1C) is added to RuBP (5C) by rubisco which breaks turning into 2Ɨ 3C molecules

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32

Reduction

2nd phase of the calvin cycle, 3C molecules reduced to form G3P (3C)

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33

Regeneration

3rd phase of calvin cycle, 5x G3P are recycles into 3x RuBP

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34

Use of G3P

used to synthesis carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids

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35

Carbohydrates

Sugar polymers used for fuel (ex, CH2O) can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

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