health science final term1

Osteoporosis causes bones to become

weak and break easily

Inflammation of the airways is caused by which disease?

asthma

Food intolerances are difficult to diagnose because they do not have any symptoms.

false

__________are the main sign of epilepsy.

sezuires

Hypertension is also known as

high blood pressure

example of noncommunicable disease

heart disease

Atherosclerosis affects which system of the body?

circulatory system

Which of the following diseases affect the nervous system?

Alzheimer

risk factors for hypertension (high blood pressure)

heart failure, sight loss, kidney disease

Is the oesophagus part of the respiratory system?

no

Which age group of people are most affected by Alzheimer's disease?

It does not usually develop in people before the age of 65. If one family member has it, then others are more at risk of developing it.

What is dementia?

Symptoms associated with decline in mental ability

Which of the following readings would suggest the patient has hypertension?

145/97

What is atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis happens when a fatty substance called plaque builds up in the body's arteries and eventually blocks blood flow. If this happens in the arteries of the heart, it can cause a heart attack. In the brain, it can cause a stroke.

who is at risk for arthritis?

adults over 65 yrs old, affects more women than men.

What can cause gastroenteritis?

preparing food on unclean surface

What puts a person at a higher risk of developing hypertension?

working in a high stress environment

What lifestyle change can help to manage osteoporosis?

better vitamin D intake

Which of the following can help to manage hypertension?

healthy diet

Epilepsy affects which system of the body?

nervous system

Arthritis, diabetes and epilepsy are

chronic diseases

Which of the following can help to manage osteoporosis?

doing weight bearing exercises

sign

something that can be observed by other people, such as a skin rash or a cough

symptom

a feeling, or physical change experienced by the patient, such as pain

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

disorder

disruption of the normal functions of the body because of the presence of a disease.

communicable disease

influenza
viral or bacterial pneumonia
Gastroenteritis
malaria

non-communicable disease

diabetes
heart disease
hypertension
Epilepsy

Acute disease example

influenza
common cold
fever
Pneumonia
chicken pox

chronic disease example

diabetes
Tuberculosis
AIDs
Allergies
Arthritis
Asthma

Mobility

the quality or state of being able to move about freely

Musculoskeletal

muscular and skeletal systems working together for movement

conditions that can affect the musculoskeletal system

Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Sarcopenia

Sign and symptoms of arthritis

• Pain around the joint.
• Lack of motion - the joint won't move as much as it should.
• Stiffness when you wake up or if you've been sitting.
• Grating - you might feel things rubbing together inside the joint.
• Swelling around the joint.

arthritis treatment

• Medication to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling.
• Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles around the joint.
• Surgery to replace the affected joint with an artificial one, for example, a knee
replacement.

Who is affected by osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis can develop as people reach middle-age and it affects more women than men. It
can also affect people who do not exercise or have much calcium and vitamin D in their diets.
The consumption of caffeine and fizzy drinks can also lead to osteoporosis.

Sign and symptoms of osteoporosis

easily fractured bones
back pain
stooped posture
Loss of height.

Osteoporosis treatment

Getting enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet.
Avoiding fizzy drinks and caffeine.
Doing weight bearing physical activity such as running, water aerobics and weight-lifting.
Taking medication slows down the process of bones becoming weaker.

Sezuire

a sudden attack of illness in which someone becomes unconscious or develops shaking movements

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder affecting the central nervous system. It causes abnormal brain activity which can lead to seizures. It is non-communicable.

who is at risk of Epilepsy

Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it is more common in children and older adults. The cause of epilepsy is unknown, but it can be caused by a brain injury, serious illness, a high fever or a stroke.

signs and symptoms of epilepsy

Seizures are the main symptom of epilepsy. If somebody is having a seizure, they might:
• Lose their sense of sight, smell, hearing, taste, or touch.
• Feel dizzy.
• Have to shake in their arms and legs.
• Fall down.
• Become unresponsive or unconscious.

treatment for epilepsy

• Anti-epileptic drugs that reduce or stop seizures.
• A diet that contains high levels of healthy fats and low carbohydrates.
• Brain surgery which is sometimes used to remove or alter the area of the brain that causes the
seizures.

asthma

Asthma is s a long-term disease that causes inflammation of the airways. When the airway becomes inflamed, it swells and makes breathing very difficult.

Osteoporosis

loss of bone density that can result in an increased risk of fractures

who is at risk for asthma

Asthma can begin in childhood and lasts into adulthood. It is more common if other family
members have the disease, are exposed to smoking or have allergies.

signs and symptoms of asthma

• coughing
• shortness of breath
• tightness in the Chest
• A wheezing or whistling sound when breathing.

Asthma treatment

There is no cure for asthma, but the treatments available are very effective. They include:
• Long-term medications should be taken daily to control asthma.
• Medications that can be used during an asthma attack (like an inhaler)
• Lifestyle changes (like having a healthy diet, regular physical activity ,and stopping smoking)
can help reduce the risk of asthma attacks

COVID-19

A contagious viral respiratory disease that may cause serious complications, especially in people who are more than 60 years old and/or who already have serious health concerns.

How does COVID-19 spread?

The COVID-19 virus spreads through droplets from the nose or mouth of an infected person when he or she coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is infectious, therefore it is a communicable disease.

who is at risk of COVID

• Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious symptoms. Meanwhile, children tend to be less affected by the disease unless they have underlying medical conditions

COVID-19 symptoms and signs

• ~ loss of taste and/or smell
• ~ dry cough
• ~ fever
• ~ tiredness
• ~ headache
• ~ aches and pains
• ~ sore throat

COVID-19 treatment

Most people will recover without requiring special treatment such as hospitalization. For those who do require hospitalization, they may be fitted with breathing apparatus such as a ventilator which helps them to breathe.
• As the coronavirus disease is relatively new, it has taken until now for drugs to be created, tested, and approved safe for use. These new medicines are used to speed up the recovery of patients, reduce COVID-19-related deaths, and reduce the length of time spent in intensive care units.

Common Digestive Disorders

• Gastroenteritis, is an infection of the intestines.
• Stomach problems such as ulcers or gastritis (inflammation of the stomach).
• Inflammation-causing disorders of the bowel such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.
• Food intolerance (difficulty digesting certain foods).
• Constipation (difficulty passing stools).

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. usually lasts less than 2 weeks and is a communicable disease.
It can be caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or drinks and can lead to severe dehydration.

who is at risk of gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis can affect any person of any age. It is more dangerous for very young children, older adults and people with other serious medical conditions.

gastroenteritis signs and symptoms

• Watery diarrhea
• Cramps and pain in the stomach
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Muscle aches, headache, or fever

Gastroenteritis treatment

The best way to prevent gastroenteritis is to practise good hygiene, like hand washing, keeping your home clean and not eating raw food.
• There is no treatment available, but it is important that to keep hydrated and call a medical centre if symptoms last longer than two days.
• For infants and children, call the doctor straight away if there is a high fever of 38.9 degrees Celsius or more, or if the child is in pain or dehydrated.

can food intolerances happen at anytime?

They can develop at any time. Even if a person has been
able to eat certain foods in the past, they could still develop an intolerance to it.

symptoms of food intolerance

• stomach pain
• bloating
• headaches
• cough
• runny nose.

food intolerance treatment

A person will need to keep a food diary so that they have a record of any foods that cause a reaction. A doctor or nutritionist will then recommend a diet that removes or replaces foods that cause the symptoms of food intolerance.

conditions affecting circulatory system

• Hypertension: high blood pressure.
• Atherosclerosis: a narrowing of the arteries.
• Angina: heart pain caused by low blood flow.
• Heart failure: the heart is weakened or damaged and cannot pump blood around the body.
• Stroke : This is caused by poor blood flow or bleeding in the brain.
• Venous thrombosis: which is caused when a blockage forms in a blood vessel

what happens if hypertension is not treated?

If hypertension isn't treated, it can lead to more serious complications like heart failure, sight loss, kidney disease and a heart attack.

causes of hypertension

There are a lot of risk factors for developing the disease
like family history, being overweight, consuming too much salt, high stress levels, lack of physical activity etc.

Hypertension symptoms

Severe headache.
Fatigue or confusion.
Vision problems.
Chest pain.
Irregular heartbeat.
Difficulty breathing.

normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

high blood pressure reading

130/80.

hypertension treatment

• Having your blood pressure checked regularly by a doctor. The quicker the hypertension is
diagnosed, the less damage it will cause.
• Leading a healthy lifestyle, i.e. keeping a healthy weight, exercising regularly, consuming less
salt , and having a low-fat diet.
• Medications are available that lower blood pressure and relax the blood vessels.

Atherosclerosis risk factors

Risk factors include being overweight, having hypertension, not exercising and having an
unhealthy diet with too much salt and fat. If family members have the disease, other family
members are more at risk.

Atherosclerosis signs and symptoms

Atherosclerosis develops very slowly, so people usually don't know they have it until there is a
blockage in the artery.
Severe chest pain if the blockage is in the heart.
• Weakness in the body, loss of vision and difficulty speaking if the blockage is in the brain.
• Pain in the arms or legs in the area of the blockage.

Atherosclerosis treatment

The most common treatments include making lifestyle changes, medications to lower the fat in
the body, and surgery to remove plaque from the blood vessels.