Biomed 3.1 (+ some terms from other test that will be on this one)

Microbiologist

investigates microorganisms and bacteria

gross mythology

observing bacterial colony

gram stain

dye bacteria using crystal violet

cell morphology

what cells look like under the microscope

binary fission

bacteria dividing

dichotomous key

organizing observations and analyzations

bacterial culture

test tube, petri dish BOTH nutrient agar — called slant on test tubes

aseptic technique

procedure in sterile conditions

why do people use the streak plate method?

to isolate the bacteria on a petri dish - finding individual colonies

gross morphology

what a bacteria culture looks like large scale w naked eye - looking for color, shape

cellular morphology

bacteria under the microscope

gram positive

purple

gram negative

pink

staphlo

group/clusters

coccus

circular

bacilli

worm like (elongated no circular)

strepto

chain formation

diplo

double chain

which 2 types of disease are not living

virus and protists

medium

agar, nutrient broth, substance in which something is growing

why do we flame the loop in the streak plate method

to dilute the bacteria each time

why do we add crystal violet (First step)

to see the bacteria clearer

why do we add iodine (second step)

so that they crystal violet stays on the gram positive

why do we add alcohol (third step)

so the gram negative becomes transparent again

why do we add sufranin (last step)

so that gram negative turns pink to see clearer under the microscope

structures of gram postive and negative

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and stain purple, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and stain pink.

how do bacteria harm cells?

Bacteria duplicate and cause the cells to compete for resources, and release toxins into the cells, could also disrupt immune reaction, especially GRAM NEGATIVE

what does anti biotic resistant mean

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt and become immune to the effects of antibiotics, making the medications ineffective in treating infections.

what is dangerous in gram negative bacteria

lypopolysaccharide - HYDROPHOBIC

what happens if you forget to counterstain with sufranin

colorless gram-negative bacteria, making them difficult to distinguish from the background.

why do we flip the petri dishes upside down?

so the condensation does not spread on the agar, ruining the isolation of colonies

Computer Scientist

The primary goal of a computer scientist is to solve complex problems using computational techniques and algorithms.

Virologist

someone who studies viruses

Epidemiolgist

study trends & health issues, such as chronic illness and disease outbreaks by gathering info

Bacteria

comes through open holes (mouth, ears, nose wounds), disrupts cella and organ functions, prevented by vaccines or antibiotics, example of disease is tuberculosis

Fungi

spores of fungi, causes tissue damage, diagnosed through the the blood, treated through antifungals, example is athletes foot

helminths

consumption of contaminated foods, causes tissue or organ damage, cures w deworming meds, example is tapeworms

prions

meat, med equipment, causes brain damage, meds can slow but no cure, example is jakob disease

protists

ingestion of feces or raw foods, damage to digestive tract, tissues, or organs, prevented through anti-protozoal meds, example is giardiasis

viruses

contracted through touch, saliva, blood, infects other cells, damages host cells and tissues are destroyed, vaccines prevent, examples are flu influenza

how does a virus infect cells?

Virus infects cells by attaching to host cell, injecting genetic material, replicating inside cell, and releasing new viruses to infect other cells

disease

sickness, either temporary or permanent through transmission or genetically

infections

Infections are caused by harmful microorganisms invading the body, leading to illness or disease. They can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic.

pathogens

infectetious agents of disease

inherited disease

comes from parents or mutated

infectious disease

spread through other people

host

place that holds the disease

reservoir

place for disease to incubate, ready to spread

susceptible host

vulnerable to disease

chronic

long term condition

congenital

what they are born with

nosocomial

a hospital aquired infection (HAI)

endemic

perpetually present in a community

sporatic

comes and goes in seasons

outbreak

a sudden increase in occurences of disease

epidemic

rapidly spread to a large # of people

pandemic

an epidemic that spread across several countries

First line of defense (innate and nonspecific)

skin and mucus, as well as tears and stomach acid. White blood cells alert and rush to the pathogens, consuming whatever it can. Alerts B cells and T cells

second line (active and specific) steps

T cells arrive, destroying what they can. B cells are alerted and create anti bodies to rapidly and specifically kill the infection

humoral immunity

adaptive immunity from b cells recognizing the pathogen and making an antibody

innate immunity

defensive system what you are born with

adaptive immunity

reacts to new and specific antigens in the body (flu, covid)