Unit 4 AOS 2: Sustainable Development Goals, Global Health, and Aid

Vocabulary practice flashcards defining core terms, SDGs, communicable diseases, WHO goals, types of aid, and social action methods from Unit 4 AOS 2 notes.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

A set of 17 global goals containing 169 targets developed by the United Nations, member states, non-government organisations, and citizens to direct global action from 2016 until 2030.

Global Health

An area of study and practice focused on the health needs of people around the world, improving health, reducing health differences, and achieving health equity for all people worldwide.

Maternal Mortality

Refers to the number of mothers who die due to complications related to pregnancy and childbirth.

Causes of Maternal Mortality

The main medical complications leading to maternal death during pregnancy and childbirth, including severe bleeding (haemorrhage), infection (sepsis), obstructed labor/delivery complications, unsafe abortion, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, and malnutrition.

Neonatal Period

The first 28 days of life, during which up to half of all infant deaths occur within the first 24 hours and 75 per cent occur within the first week.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

A condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that damages and weakens the body's immune system, leaving infected individuals at high risk of developing opportunistic infections and cancers.

Malaria

A life-threatening vector-borne disease caused by a parasite transmitted through the bite of an infected female mosquito, which destroys red blood cells and causes fever, headache, diarrhoea, and vomiting.

Tuberculosis (TB)

A highly contagious bacterial disease affecting the lungs that spreads between people through the air via coughing and sneezing.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

A diverse group of 18 diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments, thriving in impoverished communities lacking clean water, sanitation, and healthcare.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection, occurring in five main types (A, B, C, D, and E) that contribute significantly to the global burden of disease.

Waterborne Diseases

Infectious and parasitic diseases caused by consuming or coming into contact with contaminated water due to a lack of clean water and sanitation infrastructure, such as diarrhoea, cholera, and typhoid.

Extreme Poverty

A state of severe deprivation defined by the United Nations as living on less than $\text{PPP}\,2.15$ a day.

SDG 1: No Poverty

A global goal aimed at ending poverty in all its forms everywhere by building social protection systems, expanding access to essential resources, and increasing resilience to environmental disasters.

SDG 2: Zero Hunger

A global goal focused on ending all forms of hunger and malnutrition, achieving food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing

A global goal that aims to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages by addressing major causes of morbidity and mortality in all countries.

SDG 4: Quality Education

A global goal that addresses ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all children and adults.

SDG 5: Gender Equality

A global goal seeking to end all forms of discrimination, violence, and harmful practices against women and girls, ensuring equal rights and opportunities in political, economic, and public life.

SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

A global goal aimed at ensuring availability and sustainable management of safe, affordable drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene for all people.

SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

A global goal that aims to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns by increasing resource efficiency, reducing food waste, and soundly managing chemicals and waste.

Humanitarian Assistance

Immediate, short-term emergency aid provided to relieve suffering and keep people alive during or after a crisis, natural disaster, or conflict.

Bilateral Aid

Official development assistance provided directly from the government of one country (donor country) to the government of another country (recipient country) to reduce poverty and build self-sufficiency.

Multilateral Aid

Aid provided through large international organisations (such as the UN, World Bank, or WHO) that pool funds from multiple donor countries to address large-scale global issues.

Non-Government Organisation (NGO) Aid

Aid provided by non-profit organisations operating independently of governments, focusing on small-scale community-based projects targeted to specific local needs.

World Health Organization (WHO) Overall Goal

The central mission of the World Health Organization to promote, provide, and protect health and wellbeing for all people, everywhere, supported by its Triple Billion targets.

Social Action

Doing something as an individual or collective group to engage with communities and institutions to bring about positive political, economic, or social change.

Ways Individuals Can Take Social Action

Various methods through which individuals engage with issues, including volunteering, donating to NGOs, conducting fundraising, signing petitions, lobbying decision-makers, starting social enterprises, and boycotting products.

Social Enterprise

A business model developed to tackle social, cultural, or environmental problems by applying commercial strategies and donating or reinvesting profits into social change projects.