DENH 1420 Miller Chap 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,24

Infectious disease

microorganism multiplies and damages tissues in the body

pathogens

microorganisms cause infectious disease

endogenous disease

‘inside” caused by microorganisms present in the body, that express disease producing potential

ex. dental caries from oral flora, periodontal disease, pulpitis, cervicofacial actinomycosis

exogenous disease

“outside” contaminate the body form the outside

ex. HepB, Strep throat, AIDS, measles, chickenpox, common cold, the flu.

opportunistic pathogens

causative agents to endogenous diseases, by entering deep body tissues to level of harm.

toxigenic diseases

caused by eating food that microorganisms have multiplied and made toxins/poisons

ex. staphylococcus food poisoning, botulism

standard/universal precautions

treat every patient(blood and bodily fluids) as infectious

body substance isolation

reduce the risk of transmission of pathogens from moist body surfaces.

4 Stages of Infectious disease - I,PAC

1. incubation Stage

2. Prodromal Stage

3. Acute Stage

4. Convalescent Stage

first stage of Infectious disease: Incubation

entrance of infectious agent to first sign of symptoms

ex. flu = 3 days, HepB=several weeks, HIV= 10yrs+

second stage of Infectious disease: prodromal stage

appearance of early symptoms

ex. slight fever, headache, upset stomach

malaise

not feeling well

third stage of Infectious disease: Acute Stage

symptoms are at max, person is obviously ill.

fourth stage of Infectious disease: Convalescent stage

recovery stage. body is actively fighting disease, yet infectious agents are present and may spread.

normal patient

has no infections or diseases, not a carrier of pathogens

mode of transmission: Direct contact

touching soft tissue or teeth in mouth with microorganisms

mode of transmission: Indirect Contact

injuries with contaminated sharps or instruments ex. needlesticks

fomites

inanamite surfaces that carry pathogens

mode of transmission:Droplet infection

large particle splatter by close contact to unprotected broken skin or mucous membranes on face.

mode of transmission: airborne infection

small particles or aerosols that have microorganisms that can be inhaled

Infection

multiplication and survival of microorganisms on or in the body

Chain of Infection

development of an infectious disease

order of the chain of infection(7) -SPAR POEMS PEN

susceptible host, pathogenic agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of spread, portal of entry

susceptible host

person w/o immunizations at risk

ex, not vaccinated, elderly, pre-existing disease, immunosuppressed, medically compromised

infectious/pathogenic agents

invading organisms

ex. virus, fungus, bacterium, protozoa, ricketsia

reservoir

where invading organisms live and multiply

ex. saliva, feces, blood, water, environment, inanimate objects, dental waterline, dental instruments

port of exit

mode of escape for reservoir

ex. through cough, blood, needle, water, droplet splatter, skin and mucous membrane

transmission/mode of spread

spread through indirect, direct, or airborne contact

ex. cough, sneeze, contaminated hands, hypodermic needle

port of entry

entry of infectious agent into new host

ex. resp. tract, eyes, skin and mucous membranes, needlestick, inhalation, droplets and splatter, bodily fluid

biofilm

some bacteria form a mass/layer on surfaces

oral biofilm

dental plaque from bacteria attaching to host surfaces, leads to dental caries.

histolytic enzymes

kill cells and damage tissue when they are apart of host cell surfaces/tissue.

ex. collagenase made by Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, and Clostridium, proteolytic enzymes

cytotoxic

waste products made by bacteria, demineralize enamel and dentin

ex. ammonia, acids, hydrogen sulfide, lactic acid

host defense mechanism: innate defenses

are always active to defend harmful infections

host defense mechanism: acquired defenses

must be stimulated to be active to defend harmful infections

interferons

made by virus infected cells, make nearby cells resistant to virus replication

antigens

activates an immune response

ex. bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa,

hay fever is an, what does it effect

allergic reaction to pollen affecting eyes and nose

asthma affects the

respiratory system

food allergies symptom

hives on skin

allergy to substance (penicilin)

widespread reaction

systemic anaphylactic shock

allergy affects the blood system, lungs, and heart

emerging diseases

new infectious diseases that haven’t been recognized before

zoonotic

disease involved with animals or insects

SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome

pneumonialike disease from unknown covid-19 from domesticated animals spread within droplets by indirect or direct contact

hand-foot-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus was first recognized in what year

1970

what caused hantavirus pulmonary syndrome to emerge?

ecological changes

what caused Legionnaires disease to emerge?

development of new technologies

severe acute respiratory syndrome is caused by:

a coronavirus

how many people infected with HIV have recognizable symptoms?

Only about one-third of those infected have recognizable symptoms

How does HIV cause AIDS ?

it destroys the body's defenses against diseases

the vaccine for hepatitis B protects against:

Hepatitis B and D

the risk of getting AIDS as a dental assistant is

very low

about how many persons worldwide are living with HIV disease?

38,000

types of hepatitis

occupationally acquired hepatitis B in health care workers is most commonly contracted:

through sharps injury

the best way for one to to avoid contracting a bloodborne disease in the office is:

handle sharps carefully

A hepatitis B carrier is

HBsAg-positive

which of the following is not a mode of spread of HIV disease?

inhalation

Most persons who develop HIV disease become HIV-positive within ___ after exposure

6-12wks

about what percent of persons infected with hepatitis C virus become chronic carriers of the disease?

80%

bloodborne pathogens

may infect different clood cellls or other tissues of the body

mycology is the study of

fungi

infection control is

preventing microbial contamination and infection

who became known as the father of oral microbiology?

Willoughby D. MILLER

pasteurization is achieved by

HEAT, heating a fluid to 63 degrees C (145.4 degrees F) for 30minutes

who proposed that infection of open wounds was caused by microorganisms in the air?

Lord lister

viruses that infect bacteria

bacteriophages

the first microrganisms to be observed under a microscope in 1667 came from:

tooth scrapings and gutter water

activity of microorganisms

microorganisms are more beneficial than harmful to humans

when were viruses first seen under the electron microscope

1940

who first recognized the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of disease agents?

Ignaz Semmelweis

what agent causes prion disease?

special proteins

what are probiotics?

microbes administered to confer a health benefit on a host

candida albicans

yeast

microbe that does not need to multiply inside of living cells

regular bacteria

amino acids are linked together to form

proteins or polypeptides

which type of bacterium is shaped like a sphere?

coccus

rank smallest to largest human red blood cell, bacterium, and virus

virus → bacterium → human red blood cell

what bacterial cell structure protects the cell from being crushed?

cell wall

form of bacterium that is dormant and highly resistant to heat and chemicals

spore

acidogenic bacteria\

bacteria that make acids during growth

aciduric bacteria

organism that can survives and grows in acidic environments less than pH 5.5

anaerobic

bacteria that die in the presence of oxygen

aerobic

bacteria that survive in the presence of oxygen

facultative anaerobes

can use oxygen but are also able to grow without it

structures that allows certain bacteria to attach to surfaces are called

fimbriae

what bacterial structure inhibits phagocytosis and allows bacteria to escape death caused by wbc’s?

capsule

Streptococcus mutans. what is the genus and species?

streptococcus- genus, mutans-species

metabolism

physical and chemical changes during bacterial growth

enzymes

catalysts that chemically change a substance, by breaking down proteins into amino acids

cocci

spherical cells

bacilli

rod shaped

spirilla

curved or spiral cells

cytoplasm

in the cytoplasmic membrane. viscous material of water, enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

nucleoid

single long chromosome of DNA for controlling cell activities

plasmids

extrachromosomal DNA in small units in the cytoplasm of bacteria. carry genes that express special activities.

cytoplasmic membrane

part of bacterial cell, surrounds cytoplasm and is made of lipids and protein

mesosomes

inward foldings of the cytoplasmic membrane, in gram pos bacteria

cell wall

rigid structure gives cells their shape