BSF Unit 2 Study Guide - Bones, Joints, and Muscles

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering bone structure, skeletal classifications, fractures, joints, muscle types, and anatomical terminology.

What are the six primary functions of bone tissue?

Support/shape, protection of vital organs, movement as levers, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell production (hematopoiesis), and acid-base balance.

What is the structural arrangement of compact and spongy bone in flat bones?

Layers of compact bone form the outside with spongy bone sandwiched in between.

How are long bones defined structurally, and what are some examples?

Long bones are longer than they are wide, consisting of a shaft and ends; examples include the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges.

What is the main function of osteoblasts versus osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts build and deposit new bone tissue, whereas osteoclasts break down and resorb old bone tissue.

What role do collagen fibers and calcium salts play in bone matrix strength?

Collagen fibers provide tensile strength to resist pulling and stretching, while calcium salts provide compressional strength to resist squeezing.

What is the difference between endochondral ossification and bone remodeling?

Endochondral ossification is the process where cartilage models are replaced by bone during development, while bone remodeling is the continuous resorption of old bone and deposition of new bone throughout life.

How do growth hormone and sex hormones affect the epiphyseal plate?

Growth hormone stimulates bone growth at the epiphyseal plate, whereas sex hormones cause the puberty growth spurt and eventually induce closure of the epiphyseal plates.

What is the difference between osteomyelitis and osteoporosis?

Osteomyelitis is an infection or inflammation of bone and bone marrow requiring prolonged IV antibiotics, while osteoporosis is a condition marked by loss of bone mass leading to porous, brittle bones with high fracture risk.

What defines a simple (closed) fracture versus a compound (open) fracture?

A simple (closed) fracture keeps the skin intact and surrounding tissue intact, whereas a compound (open) fracture breaks through the skin, presenting a significantly higher risk of infection.

What type of fracture is caused by a twisting force and spirals around the bone?

Spiral fracture.

What are the four steps of the fracture repair sequence in order?

1. Hematoma forms, 2. Granulation tissue and fibrocartilage form a soft callus, 3. Bone-forming cells form a hard (bony) callus, 4. Remodeling replaces callus tissue with mature bone.

How many total bones are in the adult axial and appendicular skeletons?

The adult skeleton contains 206 total bones: 80 in the axial skeleton and 126 in the appendicular skeleton.

What is the foramen magnum and in which bone is it located?

The foramen magnum is a large opening in the base of the skull located in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass through to connect with the brainstem, along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood vessels.

What mnemonic helps remember the 14 facial bones?

"My Mandible Chews Nine Very Large Zucchini Pizzas" (Maxillary, Mandible, Conchae, Nasal, Vomer, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, Palatine).

What are the five sections of the vertebral column in order from top to bottom, including vertebra counts?

Cervical (7 vertebrae), Thoracic (12 vertebrae), Lumbar (5 vertebrae), Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae).

How do scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis differ in their spinal curvature presentation?

Scoliosis is a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine; kyphosis is an exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature ("hunchback"); lordosis is an exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature ("swayback").

How are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs classified?

Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (attach directly to the sternum), ribs 8-10 are false ribs (attach indirectly via costal cartilage of rib 7), and ribs 11-12 are floating ribs (no anterior attachment).

What anatomical features distinguish a female pelvis from a male pelvis?

The female pelvis is wider, shallower, has a pubic arch of about 120 degrees, and a larger pelvic outlet to form a birth canal; the male pelvis is narrower, deeper, heavier, has a pubic arch of about 90 degrees, and a smaller pelvic outlet.

What are the functions of the acetabulum and ischial tuberosity?

The acetabulum is the cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint, and the ischial tuberosity supports body weight when sitting.

What are the six key structural components of a synovial joint?

Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous joint capsule, and ligaments.

What movement does a pivot joint allow, and what is a classic anatomical example?

Rotation around a single axis, as seen in the joint between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.

Which synovial joint type provides the greatest mobility and which provides the least mobility?

Ball-and-socket joints provide the greatest mobility (multiaxial), whereas gliding (plane) joints are the least mobile synovial joints.

What is the difference between joint flexion and extension?

Flexion bends a joint and decreases the joint angle, while extension straightens a joint and increases the joint angle.

How are pronation and supination defined regarding hand position?

Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces downward (posteriorly), while supination rotates the forearm so the palm faces upward (anteriorly).

What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the ankle?

Dorsiflexion moves the toes and top of the foot upward toward the shin, whereas plantar flexion points the toes and foot downward.

What are the structural and control differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary; cardiac muscle is striated, branched with intercalated discs, and involuntary (found only in the heart); smooth muscle is nonstriated, spindle-shaped, and involuntary (found in hollow organs).

What are the four functional properties of muscle tissue?

Excitability (response to stimulus), contractility (ability to shorten forcibly), extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity (ability to recoil to original length).

What is the difference between muscle hypertrophy and muscle atrophy?

Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size due to cell enlargement (often from resistance exercise), whereas muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle size and wasting due to disuse or disease.

What is the primary muscle of inspiration and where is it located?

The diaphragm, located dome-shaped under the lungs forming the floor of the thoracic cavity.

What four muscles make up the rotator cuff (SITS)?

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis.

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain, and what is the RICE protocol?

A sprain is an injury to a ligament, while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation, used as first-line care for swelling and pain.