rom skulls, meiosis, digestive dd, karyo

chin

extra muscle attachment, missing on skull

sagittal crest

extra muscle attachment for plant deit

sharp canine teeth

impress females

vertical forehead VS sloping forehead (large skull)

* vertical forehead = more room for brain

large skull for brain

brain big = more intelligent than ancestors

location of foreman magnum

• near the centre = walking upright

• back of skull = knuckle walkers

Prophase 1

• nuclear membrane dissolves

• chromatin condenses into chromosomes

• centrioles to poles

• spindle fibres form

• synapsis occurs

• crossing over occurs - swap dna stuck together as pairs

• Tetards form

Metaphase 1

• spindle fibres join poles to equator

• tetards to equator

Anaphase 1

• spindle fibres pull tetards apart chromsomes to poles

  disjunction = separation of tetards

• first division

Telophase 1

• nuclear membrane reforms

• chromosomes stretch into chromatin

• spindle fibres dissolves

Cytokinesis

results in 2 cells forming

\# of chromosome = # of centromeres

the 2 cells are haploid

centrioles double here

\*DNA doesn’t duplicate

monosomy

* missing one homologous chromosome from a pair

trisomy

* having an extra homologous chromosome, for a total of three

down syndrome (draw diagram)

trisomy - 21

• mentally challenged

• furrowed tongues

• high amount of leukemia and heart conditions

patau syndrome (draw diagram)

trisomy - 13

• live approx, 6 months

• deafness

• severely mentally challenged

turner syndrome (draw diagram)

monosomy - X

* female w/ short stature, board shieldlike chest, undeveloped sexual characteristics (looks freakishly young)

Klinefelter syndrome (draw diagram)

XXY

male with breast development, mentally challenged, infertile, underdeveloped sexual characteristics

Edwards syndrome (draw diagram)

trisomy - 18

• webbed neck

• elongated skull

• heart & lung problems

• life approx; 4 months

Cri-Du-Chat ((draw diagram)

Partial monosomy - 5

• depends on how much #5 is missing

• vocal chords cause “cat-like” cry in cants

• mentally challenged

non disjunction

gain or loss of a whole chromosome, usually occurs during meiosis

→ every cell in offspring will have an extra or be missing on chromosome (aneuploidy)

Cirrhosis

• Alcohol, virus, or genetic condition

• Jaundice, weakness

• *not contagious

• transplant

• liver w/ acne (ugly)

Hepatitis

• Liver disorder

• Virus, infectious

• Jaundice, weakness,

• Vaccine

Colitis

• Autoimmune, bacteria

• irritated, pain, diarrhea

• *no cure, surgery

Appendicitis

• Inflammation

• Pain

• Antibiotics, surgery

Diarrhea

• Poor water absorb

• water in feces

• antibiotics, fluids

Gall stones

• bile salt form stones and block cystic duct

• pain

• removal

Crohn’s disease

• environmental, genetic factors

• colon inflamed

• pain, diarrhea

• no cure, steroids

Peptic Ulcer *(stomach)*

• bacteria

• hole in stomach

• pain, vomit blood

• antibiotics

• antacids - makes stomach less acidic

Mumps

• virus in spit glands

• (big face cheeks)

• sore cheeks, muscle pain

• MMR vaccine

Heartburn

• stomach acid backs up into esophagus, its near the heart so it feels it

• burning

• antacids