Digestive System and Nutritional Processes

Flashcards covering key concepts related to pancreatic secretions, digestion, nutrient absorption, and regulatory mechanisms in the digestive system.

What components make up pancreatic juice?

Aqueous components with Na, K, HCO3, and water, and enzymatic components including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, deoxyribonucleases, and ribonucleases.

What is the role of bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions?

Bicarbonate lowers pH, inhibiting pepsin and providing the proper pH for enzymes.

How is trypsinogen activated?

Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase to trypsin.

What hormones regulate pancreatic secretion?

Secretin and cholecystokinin regulate pancreatic secretion.

What stimulates the release of secretin?

An acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates the release of secretin.

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, and extensive action of microorganisms.

What is the difference between HDL and LDL?

HDL transports excess cholesterol from cells to the liver for removal from the body, while LDL transports cholesterol to cells.

What is the substrate for amylase in the digestion process?

Amylase acts on starches.

What are the primary digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas?

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and lipase.

What is the function of lipase?

Lipase digests lipids.

How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the intestines?

By symport with sodium (secondary active transport).

What initiates the defecation reflex?

Distension of the rectum by feces stimulates local defecation reflexes.

What are essential nutrients?

Substances that must be ingested and cannot be synthesized by the body.

What occurs in glycolysis?

Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and NADH.

What are the two types of metabolism?

Catabolism (energy-releasing process) and Anabolism (energy-requiring process).

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in muscles and liver.

How do sodium and potassium ions move across the intestinal wall?

Sodium is actively transported, while chloride ions move passively following sodium.

What is the main consequence of diarrhea on the body's fluid balance?

Increased fluid secretion leads to decreased absorption and can result in dehydration.

What components make up pancreatic juice?

Aqueous components with Na, K, HCO3, and water, and enzymatic components including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, deoxyribonucleases, and ribonucleases.

What is the role of bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions?

Bicarbonate lowers pH, inhibiting pepsin and providing the proper pH for enzymes.

How is trypsinogen activated?

Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase to trypsin.

What hormones regulate pancreatic secretion?

Secretin and cholecystokinin regulate pancreatic secretion.

What stimulates the release of secretin?

An acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates the release of secretin.

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, and extensive action of microorganisms.

What is the difference between HDL and LDL?

HDL transports excess cholesterol from cells to the liver for removal from the body, while LDL transports cholesterol to cells.

What is the substrate for amylase in the digestion process?

Amylase acts on starches.

What are the primary digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas?

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and lipase.

What is the function of lipase?

Lipase digests lipids.

How are glucose and galactose absorbed in the intestines?

By symport with sodium (secondary active transport).

What initiates the defecation reflex?

Distension of the rectum by feces stimulates local defecation reflexes.

What are essential nutrients?

Substances that must be ingested and cannot be synthesized by the body.

What occurs in glycolysis?

Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and NADH.

What are the two types of metabolism?

Catabolism (energy-releasing process) and Anabolism (energy-requiring process).