Self-Conscious Emotion, Coping, Culture, Parenting & Peer Relations

These flashcards cover important concepts related to emotional development, coping strategies, cultural influences, and social development in children.

Self-Conscious Emotions

Emotions that involve evaluations of the self such as guilt, shame, and pride.

Guilt vs. Shame

Guilt is other-focused, feeling bad about what you did to someone else; shame is self-focused, feeling bad about who you are.

Healthy vs. Maladaptive Guilt/Shame

Healthy when they motivate appropriate behavior, maladaptive when excessive, increasing risk for anxiety or depression.

Pride

A self-conscious emotion rooted in accomplishment and recognition, with two forms: authentic and hubristic.

Counterfactual Emotion Tasks

Tasks that test understanding that emotions depend on actual outcomes compared to alternative outcomes.

Counterfactual Consoling

Comforting someone by highlighting that things could have been worse; becomes more common at age 12.

Second-Order False Belief

Understanding that someone can have a false belief about another person’s belief, important for social reasoning.

Display Rules (Ekman & Friesen)

Four types: intensification, minimization, neutralization, and substitution in emotional expressions.

Situation-Centered Coping

Coping strategies focusing on managing or changing the problem or situation itself.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Coping strategies aimed at regulating emotional reactions to problems.

Emotion Coaching

A parenting approach where adults acknowledge, validate, and guide children’s emotions constructively.

Emotional Self-Efficacy

The feeling of being able to manage one's emotional experiences, linked to better adjustment.

Internalizing Behaviors

Problem behaviors directed inward such as excessive worrying and withdrawal.

Externalizing Behaviors

Problem behaviors directed outward such as aggression and rule-breaking.

Cultural Values in Emotion Display

Collectivist cultures emphasize modesty and self-restraint, whereas individualist cultures value openness.

Delay of Gratification (Cultural Difference)

Nso children showed greater delay-of-gratification than German children, reflecting cultural practices.

Interpretations of Pride and Shame (Cultural Differences)

European Americans see pride as achievement, Asians see strong pride as undesirable, viewing shame as helpful.

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

Psychosocial stage where children develop a sense of mastery (industry) or feel inferior (inferiority).

Baumrind’s Parenting Dimensions

Warmth/acceptance (responsiveness) and control/demand (restrictiveness).

Authoritative Parenting

High warmth and high control, leading to positive academic and social outcomes for children.

Permissive Parenting

High warmth but low control, often resulting in immature behavior and difficulty with impulse control.

Authoritarian Parenting

Low warmth but high control, which can lead to low self-esteem and poorer social competence in children.

Uninvolved (Neglectful) Parenting

Low warmth and low control, associated with emotional difficulties in children.

Parental Monitoring

Parents’ awareness of children's activities, positively related to child behaviors and fewer problems.

Sociometric Nomination

A method where children nominate peers they like or dislike, used to measure peer acceptance.

Sociogram

A visual map of social relationships based on sociometric data showing patterns of friendships.

Peer Acceptance vs. Peer Rejection

Peer acceptance is being liked by peers; peer rejection is being disliked and excluded.

Peer Status Categories (Sociometric Research)

Categories include popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average-status children.

Popular-Prosocial Children

Well-liked, considerate children who are skilled at initiating friendships and engage in prosocial behaviors.

Neglected Children

Receive few nominations but are usually not at special risk and can form stable friendships.

Rejected Children (Aggressive vs. Withdrawn)

Rejected-aggressive children are hostile; rejected-withdrawn children are socially withdrawn.

Controversial Children

Liked by many but disliked by others, exhibiting behaviors from both popular and rejected children.

Social Exclusion Experiments

Studying social exclusion through virtual paradigms like 'Cyberball' simulations.

Brain Research on Social Exclusion

Social exclusion activates brain regions overlapping with those involved in physical pain.

Family Context Influence on Peer Acceptance

High-quality parent-child relationships support peer acceptance; neglectful parenting linked to rejection.