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Macromolecules
Large on molecular scale
Polymers
Long molecule made up of building blocks called monomers
Monomers
Small molecules that make up long molecules called polymers
Enzymes
Macromolecules that make or break polymers in a cell and speed chemical reactions
Dehydration reaction
Bonds monomers covalently when water is lost
Hydrolysis
Polymers are broken into monomers through this reverse dehydration reaction
Carbohydrates
Sugars and polymers of sugars
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides bound by a covalent bond
Monosaccharides
A multiple of CH₂O
Glycosidic linkage
Joins disacchirides and is a covalent bond between two monosacchirides through a dehydration reaction
Polysaccharides
Macromolecues that are a jointing of monosacchirides with glycosidic linkages and store then hydrolyzed to give energy to cells and can be used as structure material
Starch
How plants store polysaccharides and is a polymer of glucose monomers stored in plastids
Glycogen
How animals store polysaccharides energy in liver or muscle
Cellulose
Polysacchiride that creates walls in plant cells
Chitin
A polysaccharide that is a carbohydrate used to make exoskeleton of arthropods
Lipids
Mix poorly with water and are large molecules
Fats
Large molecules made through dehydration synthesis of small molecules include glycerol and fatty acids
Fatty acids
Long carbon skeleton with carboxyl group at one end and a hydrocarbon chain that is hydrophobic
Triglycerol
Three fatty acid molecules with a glycerol due to an ester link
Saturated fatty acid
No double bond in carbon atoms but hydrogen bonded to carbon
Trans fat
Unsaturated fat bonded with trans double bonds
Phospholipids
Make up cell membrane with two fatty acids connected to glycerol connected to phosphate
Steroids
Lipids made of carbon skeleton with four fused rings and what connects to rings makes the steroids distinct
Cholestorol
Example of a steroid
Catalysts
Speed up a reaction but not consumed by a reaction
Polypeptide
Amino acid polymers
Protein
A biologically functioning molecule of one or more polypeptides
Enzymatic proteins
Speed up certain chemical reactions such as in the digestion
Defensive proteins
Protect against disease such as antibodies
Storage proteins
Store amino acids
Transport proteins
Transport substances such as hemoglobin
Hormonal proteins
Coordinate organism's activities such as insulin
Receptor proteins
How cell responds to stimuli
Contractile and motor proteins
Proteins for movement
Structural proteins
Proteins that support
Amino acid
Organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group
Peptide bond
Peptide bonds bond amino acids through dehydration reaction of carboxyl group
Primary structure
Linked amino acids with a unique structure and determines second and third structure
Alpha ₁Helix
Hydrogen bonding with every fourth amino acid
Beta Pleated sheet
Polypeptide chain laying side by side connected by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure
Overall interactions between side chains
Hydrophobic Interaction
Hydrophobic non polar side chains end up in inner clusters due to water avoiding non polar
Disulfide bridges
Covalent bonds with two cysteine bridges connected to each other through Sulfur bonding
Quaternary structure
Structure due to protons of two or more poly peptide chains together in a macromolecule
Sickle-cell disease
A blood disorder with one nucleotide/amino acid change and the change in protein structure (cell structure) can clog blood vessels
Denaturation
This occurs with non-homeostasis chemical or environmental conditions lead to structural/functional changes in protein
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that help proteins fold and protect folding proteins and check folds and if the folds are wrong destroys protein
X-ray crystallography
Help scientists get 3D folding of protein
Gene
Programs amino acid sequence in polypeptide
Nucleic acids
Polymers made of monomers named nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
Tells DNA how to replicate and is made up of many genes and proteins read off of DNA
Ribonucleic acid or RNA
RNA reads DNA to produce proteins at the ribosomes
Polynucleotides
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers
Nucleotides
Monomers of polynucleotides made of a nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, and one or more phosphates
Pyrimidines
An example of a nitrogenous base with one six member carbon and nitrogen ring T, C and U.
Purines
An example of a nitrogenous base with a six member ring fused with a five member ring, G and A.
Deoxyribose
The sugar in a nucleotide for DNA
Ribose
The sugar in to a nucleotide for RNA
Double helix
Two polynucleotides that spiral and make DNA structure
Antiparallel
The two spirals of a double helix run five prime to three prime and then the opposite on the other
Secondary structure
Fold pattern in polypeptide chain due to electrostatic interactions and hybrophobic interactions.
