INTRO TO COGNI PSYCH (1) PPT

Quiz... August 25

1. Approaches to human cognition

2. Philosophical antecedent

3. Cognition & Intelligence

4. Models and methods

FOUR BUILDING BLOCKS DESIGN TO STUDY OF HUMAN COGNITION

Approaches to Human Cognition

Psychological school of thoughts by examining structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and gestalt psychology.

Philosophical Antecedents

Psychological root that is between Plato & Rene Descartes “Rationalism” and Aristotle & John Locke “Empiricism”.

Cognition & Intelligence

The exploration of human Intelligence as an Integrating “umbrella” construct that unifies (PHALM) Perception, High level reasoning, Attention, Language, and memory.

Models & Methods

Rigorous psychometric models (Carrol, Gardner, Sternberg) paired with diverse empirical research methodologies studying mental processes.

Cognitive Psychology — Internal Mental State

Scientific study of perceiving, remembering, thinking, and learning.

And implying that _____ ____ ____ is real and accessible to empirical study.

1. Percetual Deception

2. Memory Discrepancies

3. Economic Availability (Manipulates: Availability Heuristics)

An everyday cognitive puzzles

1. Why do objects looks further away when they are foggy?

2. Why do we recall childhood embarrassment yet we forget names a while ago?

3. Why do market spend billions when it comes to advertisement? (to manipulate: what of people?)

Prevent us from repeating past methodological errors.

Why need to study Psychology’s History?

The Cocktail Party Effect (CPE)

At a crowded, noisy gathering, your auditory system filters out

countless irrelevant conversation streams. Yet, if someone across

the room mentions your name, your attention instantly shifts. This

everyday selective attention filtering represents a foundational

cognitive mystery.

Thesis

Memory is a Passive Storage System

Antithesis

Memory is an Active Reconstruction

Synthesis

Memory Involve both passive storage and active reconstruction

Dialectic

What do you call these 3 (Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis) ?

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (GWFH)

Who introduced the idea of dialectic? (Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis)?

Plato

According to him reality is based on abstract, ideal form.

Plato

According to him knowledge is innate and unraveled through active logical analysis and introspection (ALA I)

Rene Descartes

• He extend platos rationalism

• and coined the Cogito ergo sum (I thin therefore I am)

Rene Descartes (17th century)

• Our sensory data is deceptive (such as optical illusion) and that the reason is the absolute path for truth.

Reason

• He said that the ___ is the absolute path for truth.

Aristotle

• He is the student of plato but took empirical stance.

• He believed that reality exists in physical worlds. (Reality — Physical world)

• Knowledge - acquire through sensory observation of nature. (Knowledge — Observation)

John Locke (17th century)

• Tabula rasa (black slate) experience writes knowledge

• an empiricist

Immanuel Kant (19th century)

There is a dialectical synthesis, he said that Rationalism and Empiricism must work together because, Theories without empirical data is empty; and empirical data without theories is meaningless.

Structuralism

• This is the “what” of the mind

Functionalism

• This is the “how” of the mind

Structuralism

• First school of thought

Structuralism

• configuration of elements

• constituent components

• a school of thoughts

Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener (ET)

• Who are the pioneers for structuralism?

1879

• Wilhelm Wundt laboratory on Leipzig Germany was established what year?

Introspection

• The primary methodology that is been used in Structuralism is what?

Introspection

• A highly trained self-observation of subjective conscious experience under controlled lab conditions.

Functionalism

• Counter the static view of structuralism

• focuses on the processes and functions of the mind

Willim James & John Dewey

• Pioneers for functionalism?

William James

• He is known for Principles of Psychology, in 1890 established core topics such as Consciousness, Attention, and Perception CAP).

Principles of Psychology

• William James is known for his?

CAP consciousness, attention, and perception.

• What did William James established?

Pragmatism

• Functionalism leads to what ? to solve real world problems.

Associationism

• Linking Ideas

• it is how elements of the mind associated with one another to obtain learning.

1. Contiguity

2. Similarity

3. Contrast

• Associationism is driven by 3 ideas

Contiguity

• refers to anything that is place close together in time and space become mentally linked.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

• He is a memory pioneer

Edward Lee Thorndike

• he is known for Law of effect

Hermann Ebbinghaus — (EFC) Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

• He studied himself using nonsense syllables

• He discovered the _____ _____ ____

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve (EFC)

• Refers to forgetting as extremely rapid immediately after learning, and levels off.

1. Erbbinghaus Forgetting Curve (EFC)

2. Law of effect

• Whoa are the two ideas for Associationism?

Edward Lee Thorndike (ELT)

• Who is the founder of Law of Effect (LOE) ?

Edward Lee Thorndike

• He believed that satisfaction can increase association.

Mechanical Rewards

• Edward lee Thorndike law of effect said that through ___ ____ (not conscious extent “external rewards”) can stamp learning.

Behaviorism — Black Box

• A school of thought that dismissed Introspection entirely. And said thats studying mind is a like a ____ ____ that it is unobservable and unscientific to study, that’s why they stick to observable behavior and environmental contingencies.

1. John Watson

2. B.F. Skinner

• Who are the chief components for the Behaviorism?

John Watson

• He is known for pioneering Radical Behaviorism

B.F Skinner

• He is known for Pioneering Operant Conditioning

1. John Watson

2. BF Skinner

3. Edward Tolman

4. Albert Bandura

• Who are the components for Behaviorism (ALL)

1. Edwards Tolman

2. Albert Bandura

• There is a crack in the Behaviorist Wall (Transitions)

Edward Tolman

• He pioneered the Purposive Behaviorism and said that rats in maze can construct Internal Cognitive Maps (ICM) on its environment.

Albert Bandura

• He said learning can occur observationally (social learning)

1950

• On what year did the revolution of Black Box of the mind developed?

1. Max Wertheimer

2. Wolfgang Kohler

• Who are the pioneers for the Gestalt Psychology?

Gestalt Psychology

• It challenged the idea of Behaviorism and said that “The whole is more than the sum of its part”.

• It views psychological phenomena organized, structured wholes.

Turing Test

• The core idea of this test is that, the computer program communication and indistinguishable from humans (or you cannot tell apart if its human or computer) it means that it can exhibit Intelligence.

The Magical Number 7— The Plus or Minus Two

• This is known to define the short term memory has a strict capacity of 7 items, proving quantifiable limits of human thoughts.

Georg Miller

• Who developed the Magical Number 7 & The Plus or Minus Two

Ulric Neisser

• He is the one of pioneer the Cognitive Psychology Field.

Learn, Use, and Store Knowledge

• Ulric Neisser studying cognitive psychology is how people __ ___ ___

1. Stratum 1: Narrow & Specific Abilities

2. Stratum 2: Broad Abilities

3. Stratum 3: General Intelligence

• What are the three stratum model of Carrol?

Fluid Abilities

• This refers to the used of abstract reasoning on novel problems.

Crystallized abilities

• This refers to the accumulated knowledge and vocabulary (the build up)

1. Linguistic

2. Logical Mathematical

3. Spatial

4. Musical

5. Bodily-Kinesthetic

6. Interpersonal

7. Naturalistic

8. Intrapersonal

• What are the 8 Intelligences of Howard Gardner? (LLS MUSIC BINI)

1. Creative

2. Analytical

3. Practical

• Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory

Controlled Lab Experiment (CLE)

• Vary independent variable and observe effects on

  dependent variable while controlling other variables

Causality

What is the core advantage of Control Lab Experiment (CLE) ?

Lack of ecological validity; Artificial Laboratory

Disadvantage of Controlled Lab experieent?

Psychobiological Research

• Study relationship between cognitive performance

  and cerebral events/structures (EEG, PET, fMRI,

  lesions).

Ad: Physiological Evidence

Dis: Often Correlational; difficult to map complex processes

• Advantage

• Disadvantage

PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Self-reports and Protocols

Obtain verbal accounts or diaries of individuals

describing their own cognitive processing.

Ad: direct access to internal thought strategies

Dis: prone to participant bias, Intentional and Unintentional editing.

• Advantage

• Disadvantage

SELF-REPORT & PROTOCOLS

In depth case analysis

• Conduct highly detailed, qualitative analysis of rare

  individuals (e.g., Phineas Gage, mnemonists).

AD. Details about unique cognitive deficit and skills of a person

DIS. Limited to generalizability to people

• Ad.

• Dis.

IN-DEPTH CASE ANALYSIS

Naturalistic Observation

• Observe cognitive performance in active everyday

  situations (e.g., air-traffic control towers)

AD contain ecological validity
DIS zero experimental control; purely descriptive

• AD

• DIS

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

Computer simulation & AI

• Program computer routines to process information or

  solve complex problems similarly to humans

• AD: can complete explicitness of cognitive theories

• DIS: lacks biological and emotional human constraints

• AD

• DIS

COMPUTER SIMULATIONS & AI

1. Theory & data

2. Adaptiveness

3. Interaction

4. Variety of methods

5. Basic & Applied research

• What are the 5 Fundamental Ideas coordinate contemporary cognitive research (TAIV B)

1. Nature vs. Nurture

2. Rationalism vs. Empiricism

3. Structural vs. Processes

4. Domain Generality vs. Specificity

5. Causal Inferences vs. Ecological Validity

6. Applied vs. Basic Research

7. Biological vs. Behavioral Methods

• What are the 7 key themes persist across every domain of cognitive inquiry?