scientific revolution + enlightenment

geocentric theory

the belief that the solar system is “earth-centered”, revolve around the earth.

scientific revolution

new ways of thinking with religion, politics, education, government, and culture.

copernicus

created the heliocentric theory, mathematician.

heliocentric thoery

the belief that the solar system is “sun-centered”, revolves around the sun.

kepler

mathematician, proved copernicus/heliocentric, kepler’s first law.

galileo

mathematician, wrote starry messenger, did not agree with catholic church, four moons of jupiter.

scientific method

a systematic procedure for scientific questions.

empiricism

the theory that knowledge is achieved through observation

newton

three laws of motion, law of gravitation.

leeuwenhock

created microscope, “founder of microbiology”

vesalius

illegally dissected humans for science.

boyle

controlled experiments, properties fo gases, boyle’s law

reason

scientific method

galen

medicine, relied on animal anatomy

bacon

inductive reasoning, empiricism

descartes

doubt + rationalism

what led to the scientific revolution?

philosophers, inventions, printing press, math, universe.

summarize the development of the heliocentric theory.

was geocentric, copernicus thought helio, people were reluctant, kepler + galileo+ newton helped.

describe the importance of the scientific method in different fields.

freed minds of opinion, opened up new discoveries.

enlightenment

philosophical movement, “age of reason”, natural law.

social contract

society agrees to government, best for entire community.

philosophes

a person who seeks wisdom, applied to intellectuals during the enlightenment.

voltaire

challenged church, promoted deism, clockmaker analogy. (god created universe then let it run)

montesquieu

natural laws, three branches of gov, checks and balances, separation of powers.

separation of powers

executive, legislative, and judicial branches, control through checks and balances.

rousseau

social contract.

smith

economy, government should protect and defend, people can control economy, (market economy).

diderot

wrote encyclopedia, religious toleration.

laissez-faire

state should not impose gov, leave economy alone.

locke

created natural rights

natural rights

life, liberty, property

hobbes

disagreed with locke

checks and balances

a system in gov to make sure nobody has too much power.

explain the ideas of montesquieu, voltaire, rousseau, and other enlightenment philosophers.

montesquieu separation of powers, voltaire freedom of speech, religion, rousseau social contract, john locke life liberty property, diderot encyclopedia, smith father of economics

describe women and the enlightenment

laid groundwork fro feminist movements, learned and observed through their families/ salons.

explain the legacy of the enlightenment

reason and science, individual/women’s rights, democracy, secularism

wollstonecraft

women’s rights activist, equal in education, economy, politics.

secularism

religion should be separate from gov+education.

enlightened absolutism

a system where rulers maintained full powers with enlightened ideas.

frederick the great

enlightened, freedom of speech, press, and religion.

joseph II

ended serfdom + death penalty, upset church.

catherine the great

favored nobility, rebellion, russia collapsed.

salons

gathering to discuss and share ideas.

rococo

art style, emphasized learning and enlightened ideas.

baroque + neoclassical

makes you broke, power, riches

novels

a way for people to express their thoughts without being afraid of the church, spread knowledge.

how did enlightenment ideas spread throughout europe?

enlightenment ideas spread so quickly and vastly because people did not agree with the monarch and that wanted more equality.

what were the changes in art, literature, and music during the enlightenment?

in art it shifted from baroque/neoclassical to rococo, in literature novels were popularized, philosophy and social issues, music from baroque to classical.

how did enlightenment ideas reform monarchies in prussia, austria, and russia?

in prussia, frederick the great, in austria joseph II, and in russia Catherine the great.

what are the scientific method steps?

make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction based on the hypothesis, test the prediction, conclusion