[02.01] Foundations of Public Health_ Overview of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Natural History of Disease, and Public Health Issues V2.pdf

disease

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is preventing _

life

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is prolonging _

physical health and efficiency

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is promoting _

sanitation

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is achieved through organized community efforts for _

community infections

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is achieved through control of _

personal hygiene

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is achieved through individual education in _

medical and nursing service

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is achieved through organization of _

early diagnosis and preventive treatment

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health is achieved for _

standard of living adequate for health

According to Charles-Edward A. Winslow, public health requires social machinery for a _

Public health

What is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency, according to Winslow?

protecting and improving the health of people and their communities

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), public health is the science of what?

Promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, preventing, and responding to infectious diseases

The CDC states that public health work is achieved by what three main activities?

Public health

What is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts of society?

10 Essential Public Health Services

What framework does the WHO provide that outlines key responsibilities like monitoring health status, diagnosing health problems, and developing policies?

Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems

What is the first of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community

What is the second of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues

What is the third of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems

What is the fourth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts

What is the fifth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety

What is the sixth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable

What is the seventh of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO, which includes universal healthcare?

Assure competent public and personal health care workforce

What is the eighth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services

What is the ninth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

What is the tenth of the 10 Essential Public Health Services from the WHO?

practice of promoting preventive health care to improve patient well-being

What is preventive medicine?

Disease, disability, and death

What three outcomes does preventive medicine ultimately aim to prevent?

Medical Doctors (MD) and Doctors of Osteopathy (DO)

What types of licensed physicians typically comprise preventive medicine specialists?

Biostatistics

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Epidemiology

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Planning and evaluation of health services

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Management of healthcare organizations

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Research

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Preventive medicine practice in clinical settings (e.g., occupational medicine)

Areas of expertise that preventive medicine specialists possess include _

Medicine, social, economic, and behavioral science

Preventive medicine specialists apply their expertise in what broad fields to improve health and quality of life?

Disease prevention and health promotion

Through what two key activities do preventive medicine specialists improve health and quality of life for individuals, families, communities, and populations?

3

How many main levels of prevention are there in public health?

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

What are the three levels of prevention in public health?

5

How many stages of prevention are there, as outlined in the natural history of disease?

Primordial / Primary Level (General Health Promotion, Specific Prophylaxis), Secondary Level (Early Diagnosis and Treatment, Limiting Damage), Tertiary Level (Rehabilitation)

List the five stages of prevention and which levels they fall under.

Prevention

What refers to actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability?

Control

What term is applied to ongoing operations or programs aimed at reducing incidence and/or prevalence or eliminating communicable and some non-communicable conditions?

Acute respiratory infections

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Diarrheal diseases

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Tuberculosis

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Hepatitis B

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Malaria

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Measles

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Neonatal tetanus

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Pertussis

According to the 1990 data in the source, some of the world’s deadliest infectious scourges include _

Natural cycle of disease and preventive approach

Through what two conceptual models is disease prevention and control communicated?

Risk and exposure factors

The five stages of the natural cycle of disease include _ (A)

Susceptibility to the disease

The five stages of the natural cycle of disease include _ (B)

Biological evidence of infection

The five stages of the natural cycle of disease include _ (C)

Clinical illness

The five stages of the natural cycle of disease include _ (D)

Progression of the disease

The five stages of the natural cycle of disease include _ (E)

Intervention at the source

What type of intervention corresponds to stage (A) in the natural cycle of disease, aimed at decreasing disease progression and risk/exposure factors?

Intervention to modify immune systems

What type of intervention corresponds to stage (B) in the natural cycle of disease, exemplified by instituting hand hygiene, social distancing, and wearing masks during COVID-19?

Intervention to modify biological status

What type of intervention corresponds to stage (C) in the natural cycle of disease, focused on determining biological evidence of infection?

Clinical interventions

What type of intervention corresponds to stage (D) in the natural cycle of disease, addressing the level of clinical illness?

Treatment of sequelae

What type of intervention corresponds to stage (E) in the natural cycle of disease, aiming to prevent the progression of the disease and its complications?

Diabetes and hypertension

For which two non-communicable diseases mentioned in the source is it noted that persons do not have a recovery, and prevention focuses on controlling blood pressure and blood sugar to prevent progression?

Primary Prevention

What type of preventive approach aims to prevent infection or the occurrence of non-communicable disease?

Secondary Prevention

What type of preventive approach aims to prevent the serious consequences of infections?

Tertiary Prevention

What type of preventive approach focuses on rehabilitation following a disease?

Curative

What preventive approach aims to stop disease transmission?

Keeping the environment safe, enhancing immunity to infections, behaving healthfully (lifestyle modification), eating wisely and well (nutrition), having well-born children (maternal and child care), and caring prudently for the sick (for the elderly)

Name some principles of prevention.

Phase of the disease and the target population

What two factors are important to know when applying the levels of prevention?

Primordial Prevention

What level of prevention aims to avoid the emergence and establishment of social, economic, and cultural patterns of living known to contribute to an elevated risk of disease?

Public health policy and promotion

What is the main task associated with primordial prevention?

Primary Prevention

What level of prevention aims to maintain health by removing the precipitating causes and determinants of departure from good health, thereby reducing disease incidence?

Population-based strategy and High-risk individual strategy

What are the two strategies involved in primary prevention?

Most At Risk Population (MARPs)

What acronym is used to refer to populations targeted by the high-risk individual strategy in primary prevention, such as sex workers, people who use or inject drugs, and mothers of children with HIV?

Secondary Prevention

What level of prevention aims to cure patients and reduce the more serious consequences of disease through early diagnosis and treatment?

BRCA gene screening for cancer, prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer, blood pressure monitoring, annual ECG, HbA1C, lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar for dyslipidemia, heart disease, and diabetes

Provide examples of activities associated with secondary prevention for cancer and other non-communicable diseases.

Tertiary Prevention

What level of prevention aims at reducing the progress or complications of established disease, and is an important aspect of therapeutic and rehabilitation medicine?

Annual visits to the ophthalmologist to check for diabetic retinopathy, and rehabilitation for stroke patients

Provide examples of activities associated with tertiary prevention for diabetes and stroke.

Infectious disease, Chronic disease, Trauma, and Mental disorder

What are the four categories of health problems discussed under the scope of prevention?

HIV-1 and hantavirus, and COVID-19

Besides the worldwide epidemic of AIDS, what new infectious agents are mentioned as emerging health problems?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and diabetes

What are examples of chronic diseases mentioned as health problems?

Unintentional injuries, suicide, and homicide

What are examples of trauma mentioned as health problems?

Psychoses, neuroses, mental retardation, alcoholism, dependency disorder, child abuse, and learning disabilities

What conditions are included under mental disorders as health problems?

Tertiary level of care

Mental disorders span what level of care?

Nutrition, Environmental and occupational hazard, Life-style, Population, and Social Support

What are the five determinants of health discussed in the scope of prevention?

Malnutrition or undernutrition

What was the primary concern regarding nutrition in developing countries in the past 50 years?

Excessive consumption of fats, refined carbohydrates and salt, and inadequate consumption of fiber and cereals

What are the major nutritional problems in developed countries today?

Coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and dental caries

What diseases are promoted by the major nutritional problems in developed countries?

Chemical pollution of the air, water, and land

What is identified as the major current environmental threat?

Occupational and environmental medicine

With what field do current major environmental threats intersect?

Health is linked to marital status, closeness to friends and relatives

What aspect of people's relationship with their social support systems is recognized as contributing to lifestyle and affecting primary health prevention?

Rapid population growth and an increasing proportion of the elderly

What two population-related factors are mentioned as determinants of health?

Unemployment, divorce, widowhood, and isolation

What disruptions of social support systems may be associated with poor health and quality of life?

Surveillance, Risk Factor Identification, Intervention Evaluation, and Implementation

What are the four steps in the public health approach, forming an iterative process?

"What is the problem?"

What question is asked during the 'Surveillance' step of the public health approach?

"What is causing this problem?"

What question is asked during the 'Risk Factor Identification' step of the public health approach?

"What works?"

What question is asked during the 'Intervention Evaluation' step of the public health approach?

"How do you do it?"

What question is asked during the 'Implementation' step of the public health approach?

Prevention Effectiveness, Epidemiology, Laboratory, Informatics, and Surveillance

Name the five public health core sciences.

Epidemiology

What is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems?

Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health; determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death; identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health; and evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health

What are the four main epidemiologic purposes in public health practice?